继续折腾这个投票应用,本章主要讲如何处理表单。
一、写一个表单 修改原来的detail.html模板("polls/templates/polls/detail.html"):<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1>
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' poll.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>
forloop.counter for循环的次数
{% csrf_token %} 避免别的网站伪造post请求数据。
如代码所描述的,post之后会跳到vote去,修改poll应用的views.py("
polls/views.py")实现一下vote响应方法。
# Create your views here.
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from polls.models import Poll, Choice
def vote(request, poll_id):
p = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id)
try:
selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
'poll': p,
'error_message': "You din't select a choice.",
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
# Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
# with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
# user hits the Back button.
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))
request.POST 根据key访问post提交的数据。同理get请求则使用request.GET
request.POST['choice'] 如果post数据中没有choice,会爆出KeyError异常。
HttpResponseRedirect 页面重定向。避免post多次。
reverse() 调用url链接,避免硬编码。
创建results模板文件(
"polls/templates/polls/results.html")。
<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll.id %}">Vote again?</a>
二、使用通用视图:减少代码 在web开发中,从数据库查询,并渲染模板页面到显示,这是个很常见的情况。Django提供了一个用来快速生成视图的“generic views”系统。可以将通用的ListView、DetailView的渲染通过它在URLconf中完成。
修改URLconf 修改poll应用的urls配置文件("
polls/urls.py"):
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from django.views.generic import ListView
from django.views.generic.detail import DetailView
from polls.models import Poll
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# ex: /polls/
url(r'^$', ListView.as_view(queryset=Poll.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5],
context_object_name='latest_poll_list',
template_name='polls/index.html'), name='index'),
# ex: /polls/5/
url(r'^(?P<pk>\d+)/$', DetailView.as_view(
model=Poll,
template_name='polls/detail.html'
), name='detail'),
# ex: /polls/5/results/
url(r'^(?P<pk>\d+)/results/$', DetailView.as_view(
model=Poll,
template_name='polls/results.html'
), name='results'),
# ex: /polls/5/vote/
url(r'^(?P<poll_id>\d+)/vote/$', 'polls.views.vote', name='vote'),
)
修改views 到此,可以把原视图("polls/views.py")中的index()、detail()、results()方法删掉了。
这里使用了ListView、DetailView。需要注意的是,DetailView使用“
pk”去匹配url中的id。
DetailView、ListView默认分别调用“<app_name>/<model_name>_detail.html”、“<app_name>/<model_name>_list.html”模板,可以通过“
template_name”参数指定特定的模板。
ListView默认生成的传递给模板的上下文变量为“<model_name>_list”,可通过“
context_object_name”参数来指定传输变量。