OnJava上看到一篇文章，贴在这里，做上笔记。
Albert Einstein once said, "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." （哈哈，相对论再简单，也会令不知多少感到头痛，包括我。
）Indeed, the pursuit of scientific truth has been all about simplifying a theory's underlying assumptions so that we can deal with the issues that really matter. The same can be said for enterprise software development.
A key to simplifying enterprise software development is to provide an application framework that hides complexities (such as transaction, security, and persistence) away from the developers. A well-designed framework promotes code reuse, enhances developer productivity, and results in better software quality. However, the current EJB 2.1 framework in J2EE 1.4 is widely considered poorly designed and over-complicated（复杂是对的，设计倒未必差。）. Unsatisfied with the EJB 2.1 framework, Java developers have experimented with a variety of other approaches for middleware services delivery. Most noticeably, the following two frameworks have generated a lot of developer interest and positive feedback. They are posed to become the frameworks of choice for future enterprise Java applications.
- The Spring framework is a popular but non-standard open source framework. It is primarily developed by and controlled by Interface21 Inc. The architecture of the Spring framework is based upon the Dependency Injection (DI) design pattern. Spring can work standalone or with existing application servers and makes heavy use of XML configuration files. （为什么就让Springg赶上春天了？其实DI在很多地方都用到了，其实，应该是说Spring 用DI来解决Factory的依赖性问题，这点占得先机。）
- The EJB 3.0 framework is a standard framework defined by the Java Community Process (JCP) and supported by all major J2EE vendors. Open source and commercial implementations of pre-release EJB 3.0 specifications are already available from JBoss and Oracle. EJB 3.0 makes heavy use of Java annotations.（要是抢标准，Jboss显然不是Oracle的对手，这不JavaOne之后，Oracle在这上面领先了。这下，Oracle连同它独步天下的DB，加上这么一个持久层东西，很是了得。这样，Oralce今后，会不会形成JSF(ADF Faces)+EJB3的格局，在J2EE上来那么一个令人吃惊呢？IBM帕不怕？不知道，它和BEA搞的SDO也提到了JCP，不过不知前景如何？哪天，抽时间仔细看看。）
These two frameworks share a common core design philosophy: they both aim to deliver middleware services to loosely coupled plain old Java objects (POJOs). （POJO是个奇怪的名字，其中第一个O字母，就令人奇怪。呵呵，谁说老树不能开新花？这下要是搞的风水轮流转，就有好戏看啦。
）The framework "wires" application services to the POJOs by intercepting the execution context or injecting service objects to the POJO at runtime. The POJOs themselves are not concerned about the "wiring" and have little dependency upon the framework. As a result, developers can focus on the business logic, and unit test their POJOs without the framework. In addition, since POJOs do not need to inherit from framework classes or implement framework interfaces, the developers have a high degree of flexibility to build inheritance structures and construct applications.（有点包办婚姻的感觉，容易就是这些POJO的父母。总是要等到最后，才知道和自己有关系的东西是谁。是谁的悲哀？没有，但愿皆大欢喜。）
其实，轻量架构和敏捷方法的火爆主要来源于几个主要的原因：1，程序员自身的武侠主义者，呵呵，也可说英雄主义。总想什么都会，认为武功天下第一，就是懂得更多的语言，从需求、分析、设计、测试到部署，无所不通，多多益善。当然这也是生存压力的后果。
2 SUN曾经设想，J2EE是一个重量的团队协作的开发方式，可是大大出人意料，这种方式要求很高的软件工程水平，同时支撑它的同样要重量的过程模型，比如RUP什么的。但是大型的分布式应用毕竟是少数，中小企业的信息化应用才是主流。而且，MS的解决方案，从过程MSF到， .Net和开发环境VS，无一不在生产力方面占得先机。老大！要记住，用户数量最所的才是市场。
3 出于开发成本考虑，老板总是希望工程师无所不会，这样才能减少成本嘛？！才会出现很多招聘广告上这样写道“精通A,B,C,D,E。。。。，工作经验2年”薪水却只开到2K。这样的事天天发生。是觉得可笑吗？还是觉得悲哀。是觉得人事部门的问题，还是该公司的技术管理着根本就不懂。或者就是老板的问题。不，这是市场的问题。同一个软件，规模和功能几乎一样，在国内卖个10万，很高了，在英国却卖到60万英镑。呵呵，这就是市场。市场就绝对正确吗？可是房价天天涨，现在毕业的程序员，看着房价怎的不愁？NND.
hehe, 跑题了。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
However, while sharing an overall philosophy, the two frameworks use very different approaches to deliver POJO services. While numerous books and articles have been published to compare either Spring or EJB 3.0 to the old EJB 2.1, no serious study has been done to compare Spring to EJB 3.0. In this article, I will examine some key differences behind the Spring and EJB 3.0 frameworks, and discuss their pros and cons. The topics covered in this article also apply to other lesser-known enterprise middleware frameworks, as they all converge on the "loosely coupled POJO" design. I hope this article will help you choose the best framework for your needs.
Vendor Independence
One of the most compelling reasons for developers to choose the Java platform is its vendor independence. EJB 3.0 is an open standard designed for vendor independence. The EJB 3.0 specification is developed and supported by all major open source and commercial vendors in the enterprise Java community. The EJB 3.0 framework insulates developers from application server implementations. For instance, while JBoss's EJB 3.0 implementation is based on Hibernate, and Oracle's is based on TopLink, developers need to learn neither Hibernate- nor TopLink-specific APIs to get their applications running on JBoss and Oracle. Vendor independence differentiates the EJB 3.0 framework from any other POJO middleware frameworks available today.（其实这点也是见仁见智了，总之走着瞧。）
However, as many EJB 3.0 critics are quick to point out, the EJB 3.0 specification has not yet reached the final release at the time of this writing. It will likely be another one to two years before EJB 3.0 is widely adopted by all major J2EE vendors. But even if your application server does not yet support EJB 3.0 natively, you can still run EJB 3.0 applications in the server by downloading and installing an "embeddable" EJB 3.0 product. For instance, the JBoss embeddable EJB 3.0 product is open source and runs in any J2SE-5.0-compatible environment (i.e., in any Java application server). It is currently under beta testing. Other vendors may also soon release their own embeddable EJB 3.0 products, especially for the "data persistence" part of the specification.（恐怕还是不好吧？一锅烩？前些天看Walmart迁移到Java5，真够大胆的。）
On the other hand, Spring has always been a non-standard technology and will remain that way in the foreseeable future. Although you can use the Spring framework with any application server, Spring applications are locked into both Spring itself and the specific services you choose to integrate in Spring.（其实，标准不标准，不是JCP说了算的。是大家多了算的。）
- While the Spring framework is an open source project, Spring has a proprietary XML format for configuration files and a proprietary programming interface. Of course, this type of lock-in happens to any non-standard product; it is not specific to Spring. But still, the long-term viability of your Spring application depends on the health of the Spring project itself (or Interface21 Inc., which hires most of Spring's core developers). In addition, if you use any of the Spring-specific services, such as the Spring transaction manager or Spring MVC, you are locked into those APIs as well.
- Spring applications are not agnostic to back-end service providers, either. For instance, for data persistence services, the Spring framework comes with different DAO and template helper classes for JDBC, Hibernate, iBatis, and JDO. So if you need to switch the persistence service provider (e.g., change from JDBC to Hibernate) for a Spring application, you will need to refactor your application code to use the new helper classes.（这点就是我的最爱，Spring对谁都很友好，也许也包括这里的EJB3。）
Service Integration
From a very high level, the Spring framework sits above application servers and service libraries. The service integration code (e.g., data access templates and helper classes) resides in the framework and is exposed to the application developers. In contrast, the EJB 3.0 framework is tightly integrated into the application server and the service integration code is encapsulated behind a standard interface.
As a result, EJB 3.0 vendors can aggressively optimize the overall performance and developer experience. For instance, in JBoss's EJB 3.0 implementation, when you persist an Entity Bean POJO using the EntityManager, the underlying Hibernate session transaction is automatically tied to the calling method's JTA transaction, and it commits when the JTA transaction commits. Using a simple @PersistenceContext annotation (see later in this article for an example), you can even tie the EntityManager and its underlying Hibernate transaction to an application transaction in a stateful session bean. The application transaction spans across multiple threads in a session and it is very useful in transactional web applications, such as multi-page shopping carts. The above simple and integrated programming interface is made possible due to the tight integration between the EJB 3.0 framework, Hibernate, and Tomcat inside of JBoss. A similar level of integration is also archived between Oracle's EJB 3.0 framework and its underlying Toplink persistence service.
Another good example of integrated services in EJB 3.0 is clustering support. If you deploy an EJB 3.0 application in a server cluster, all of the fail-over, load-balancing, distributed cache, and state replication services are automatically available to the application.（这恐怕不是EJB3的原因吧？） The underlying clustering services are hidden behind the EJB 3.0 programming interface and they are completely transparent to EJB 3.0 developers.
In Spring, it is more difficult to optimize the interaction between the framework and the services. For instance, in order to use Spring's declarative transaction service to manage Hibernate transactions, you have to explicitly configure the Spring TransactionManager and Hibernate SessionFactory objects in the XML configuration file. Spring application developers must explicitly manage transactions that span across several HTTP requests. In addition, there is no simple way to leverage clustering services in a Spring application.
(其实，通过annotation 扩展了语义，而Spring 确实用常规手段。这点出发点都不一样。)
Flexibility in Service Assembly
Since the service integration code in Spring is exposed as part of the programming interface, application developers have the flexibility to assemble services as needed. This feature enables you to assemble your own "lightweight" application servers. A common usage of Spring is to glue Tomcat together with Hibernate to support simple database-driven web applications. In this case, Spring itself provides transaction services and Hibernate provides persistence services--this setup creates a mini application server （这个观点倒是新鲜）in itself.
EJB 3.0 application servers typically do not give you that kind of flexibility in picking and choosing on the services you need. Most of the time, you get a set of prepackaged features, some of which you might not need. However, if the application server features a modular internal design, as JBoss does, you might be able to take it apart and strip out the unnecessary features. In any case, it is not a trivial exercise to customize a full-blown application server.
Of course, if the application scales beyond a single node, you would need to wire in services (such as resource pooling, message queuing, and clustering) from regular application servers. The Spring solution would be just as "heavyweight" as any EJB 3.0 solution, in terms of the overall resource consumption.
（当然，SPring 本身就不是针对分布式的应用需求，也不支持。所以，没必要这么比。关键是看针对那些应用。）
In Spring, the flexible service assembly also makes it easy to wire mock objects, （For Testing）instead of real service objects, into the application for out-of-the-container unit testing. In EJB 3.0 applications, most components are simple POJOs, and they can be easily tested outside of the container. But for tests that involve container service objects (e.g., the persistence EntityManager), in-container tests are recommended, as they are easier, more robust, and more accurate than the mock objects approach.(当然，脱不脱离容器的测试其实对大家并不重要，关键是要简单，快速！)
XML Versus Annotation
From the application developer's point view, Spring's programming interface is primarily based upon XML configuration files while EJB 3.0 makes extensive use Java annotations. XML files can express complex relationships, but they are also very verbose and less robust. Annotations are simple and concise, but it is hard to express complex or hierarchical structures in annotations.（所以需要简化Spring 的XML语法，尽管我已经觉得很简单了。比起Struts之类的已经简单不少了。）
Spring and EJB 3.0's choices of XML or annotation depend upon the architecture behind the two frameworks: since annotations can only hold a fairly small amount of configuration information, only a pre-integrated framework (i.e., most of plumbing has been done in the framework) can make extensive use of annotations as its configuration option. As we discussed, EJB 3.0 meets this requirement, while Spring, being a generic DI framework, does not.（谁知道，以后Spring 会不会也Anotation一下?我觉得很可能会。）
Of course, as both EJB 3.0 and Spring evolve to learn from each other's best features, they both support XML and annotations to some degree. For instance, XML configuration files are available in EJB 3.0 as an optional overriding mechanism to change the default behavior of annotations. Annotations are also available to configure some Spring services.
The best way to learn the differences between the XML and annotation approaches is through examples. In the next several sections, let's examine how Spring and EJB 3.0 provide key services to applications.
Declarative Services
Spring and EJB 3.0 wire runtime services (such as transaction, security, logging, messaging, and profiling services) to applications. Since those services are not directly related to the application's business logic, they are not managed by the application itself. Instead, the services are transparently applied by the service container (i.e., Spring or EJB 3.0) to the application at runtime. The developer (or administrator) configures the container and tells it exactly how/when to apply services.（AOP的天下）
EJB 3.0 configures declarative services using Java annotations, while Spring uses XML configuration files. In most cases, the EJB 3.0 annotation approach is the simpler and more elegant way for this type of services. Here is an example of applying transaction services to a POJO method in EJB 3.0.
public class Foo {
@TransactionAttribute(TransactionAttributeType.REQUIRED)
public bar () {
// do something ...
}
}
You can also declare multiple attributes for a code segment and apply multiple services. This is an example of applying both transaction and security services to a POJO in EJB 3.0.
@SecurityDomain("other")
public class Foo {
@RolesAllowed({"managers"})
@TransactionAttribute(TransactionAttributeType.REQUIRED)
public bar () {
// do something ...
}
}
Using XML to specify code attributes and configure declarative services could lead to verbose and unstable configuration files. Below is an example of XML elements used to apply a very simple Hibernate transaction to the Foo.bar() method in a Spring application.
<!-- Setup the transaction interceptor -->
<bean id="foo"
class="org.springframework.transaction
.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="target">
<bean class="Foo"/>
</property>
<property name="transactionManager">
<ref bean="transactionManager"/>
</property>
<property name="transactionAttributeSource">
<ref bean="attributeSource"/>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- Setup the transaction manager for Hibernate -->
<bean id="transactionManager"
class="org.springframework.orm
.hibernate.HibernateTransactionManager">
<property name="sessionFactory">
<!-- you need to setup the sessionFactory bean in
yet another XML element -- omitted here -->
<ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- Specify which methods to apply transaction -->
<bean id="transactionAttributeSource"
class="org.springframework.transaction
.interceptor.NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource">
<property name="properties">
<props>
<prop key="bar">
</props>
</property>
</bean>
（EJB的方式的确简单，可是如果复杂度上升，恐怕优势也不怎么明显了。）
The XML complexity would grow geometrically if you added more interceptors (e.g., security interceptors) to the same POJO. Realizing the limitations of XML-only configuration files, Spring supports using Apache Commons metadata to specify transaction attributes in the Java source code. In the latest Spring 1.2, JDK-1.5-style annotations are also supported. （对啦，也许今后是个方向，学习是很重要的！）To use the transaction metadata, you need to change the above transactionAttributeSource bean to an AttributesTransactionAttributeSource instance and add additional wirings for the metadata interceptors.
（Spring的一个问题是各种名称都不肯缩写，弄的老长。当然，意思更加清楚明了。）
<bean id="autoproxy"
class="org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy
.DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator"/>
<bean id="transactionAttributeSource"
class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor
.AttributesTransactionAttributeSource"
autowire="constructor"/>
<bean id="transactionInterceptor"
class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor
.TransactionInterceptor"
autowire="byType"/>
<bean id="transactionAdvisor"
class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor
.TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor"
autowire="constructor"/>
<bean id="attributes"
class="org.springframework.metadata.commons
.CommonsAttributes"/>
The Spring metadata simplifies the transactionAttributeSource element when you have many transactional methods. But it does not solve the fundamental problems with XML configuration files--the verbose and fragile transaction interceptor, transactionManager, and transactionAttributeSource are all still needed.
Dependency Injection
（这年头松散耦合这么流行，就像男女关系之间，一夜情好生流行似的。我们先前说的婚姻，恐怕也片面了些。各种滋味和含义，大家自己体会吧。）
A key benefit of middleware containers is that they enable developers to build loosely coupled applications. The service client only needs to know the service interface. The container instantiates service objects from concrete implementations and make them available to clients. This allows the container to switch between alternative service implementations without changing the interface or the client-side code.
The Dependency Injection pattern is one of best ways to implement loosely coupled applications. It is much easier to use and more elegant than older approaches, such as dependency lookup via JNDI or container callbacks. Using DI, the framework acts as an object factory to build service objects and injects those service objects to application POJOs based on runtime configuration. From the application developer's point of view, the client POJO automatically obtains the correct service object when you need to use it.
Both Spring and EJB 3.0 provide extensive support for the DI pattern. But they also have some profound differences. Spring supports a general-purpose, but complex, DI API based upon XML configuration files; EJB 3.0 supports injecting most common service objects (e.g., EJBs and context objects) and any JNDI objects via simple annotations.
The EJB 3.0 DI annotations are extremely concise and easy to use. The @Resource tag injects most common service objects and JNDI objects. The following example shows how to inject the server's default DataSource object from the JNDI into a field variable in a POJO. DefaultDS is the JNDI name for the DataSource. The myDb variable is automatically assigned the correct value before its first use.
(JNDI仍然可以玩，只不过lookup也由容器代劳了。精彩！！这对移植更加方便了)
public class FooDao {
@Resource (name="DefaultDS")
DataSource myDb;
// Use myDb to get JDBC connection to the database
}
In addition to direct field variable injection, the @Resource annotation in EJB 3.0 can also be used to inject objects via a setter method. For instance, the following example injects a session context object. The application never explicitly calls the setter method--it is invoked by the container before any other methods are called.
@Resource
public void setSessionContext (SessionContext ctx) {
sessionCtx = ctx;
}
For more complex service objects, special injection annotations are defined. For instance, the @EJB annotation is used to inject EJB stubs and the @PersistenceContext annotation is used to inject EntityManager objects, which handle database access for EJB 3.0 entity beans. The following example shows how to inject an EntityManager object into a stateful session bean. The @PersistenceContext annotation's type attribute specifies that the injected EntityManager has an extended transaction context--it does not automatically commit with the JTA transaction manager, and hence it can be used in an application transaction that spans across multiple threads in a session.
（这里才是EJB的关键。）
@Stateful
public class FooBean implements Foo, Serializable {
@PersistenceContext(
type=PersistenceContextType.EXTENDED
)
protected EntityManager em;
public Foo getFoo (Integer id) {
return (Foo) em.find(Foo.class, id);
}
}
The EJB 3.0 specification defines server resources that can be injected via annotations. But it does not support user-defined application POJOs to be injected into each other.
In Spring, you first need to define a setter method (or constructor with arguments) for the service object in your POJO. The following example shows that the POJO needs a reference to the Hibernate session factory.
public class FooDao {
HibernateTemplate hibernateTemplate;
public void setHibernateTemplate (HibernateTemplate ht) {
hibernateTemplate = ht;
}
// Use hibernateTemplate to access data via Hibernate
public Foo getFoo (Integer id) {
return (Foo) hibernateTemplate.load (Foo.class, id);
}
}
Then, you can specify how the container gets the service object and wire it to the POJO at runtime through a chain of XML elements. The following example shows the XML element that wires a data source to a Hibernate session factory, the session factory to a Hibernate template object, and finally, the template object to the application POJO. Part of the reason for the complexity of the Spring code is the fact that we need to inject the underlying Hibernate plumbing objects manually, where the EJB 3.0 EntityManager is automatically managed and configured by the server. But that just brings us back to the argument that Spring is not as tightly integrated with services as EJB 3.0 is.
<bean id="dataSource"
class="org.springframework
.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean">
<property name="jndiname">
<value>java:comp/env/jdbc/MyDataSource</value>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="sessionFactory"
class="org.springframework.orm
.hibernate.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
<property name="dataSource">
<ref bean="dataSource"/>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="hibernateTemplate"
class="org.springframework.orm
.hibernate.HibernateTemplate">
<property name="sessionFactory">
<ref bean="sessionFactory"/>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="fooDao" class="FooDao">
<property name="hibernateTemplate">
<ref bean="hibernateTemplate"/>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- The hibernateTemplate can be injected
into more DAO objects -->
Although the XML-based Dependency Injection syntax in Spring is complex, it is very powerful. （正因如此，才和其它框架和遗恨好的集成，这样，架构就有更多选择。）You can inject any POJO, including the ones defined in your applications, to another POJO. If you really want to use Spring's DI capabilities in EJB 3.0 applications, you can inject a Spring bean factory into an EJB via the JNDI. （这样INDI也是老树新花。当然JNDI的用处大了，JavaEE不可能丢了他。）In some EJB 3.0 application servers, the vendor might define extra non-standard APIs to inject arbitrary POJOs. A good example is the JBoss MicroContainer, which is even more generic than Spring, as it handles Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) dependencies.
Conclusions
Although Spring and EJB 3.0 both aim to provide enterprise services to loosely coupled POJOs, they use very different approaches to archive this goal. Dependency Injection is a heavily used pattern in both frameworks.
With EJB 3.0, the standards-based approach, wide use of annotations, and tight integration with the application server all result in greater vendor independence and developer productivity. With Spring, the consistent use of dependency injection and the centralized XML configuration file allow developers to construct more flexible applications and work with several application service providers at a time.
（各有所长。EJB还是针对高端，Spring针对低端，中间一部分重合，大家两全其美。
这篇文章在OnJava一篇骂声，还是开源的同志们比较多阿。）
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Stephen Chambers, Bill Burke, and Andy Oliver for valuable comments.