1 SQL中的单记录函数
2 1.ASCII
3 返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数;
4 SQL> select ascii('A') A,ascii('a') a,ascii('0') zero,ascii(' ') space from dual;
5
6 A A ZERO SPACE
7 --------- --------- --------- ---------
8 65 97 48 32
9
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11 2.CHR
12 给出整数,返回对应的字符;
13 SQL> select chr(54740) zhao,chr(65) chr65 from dual;
14
15 ZH C
16 -- -
17 赵 A
18
19 3.CONCAT
20 连接两个字符串;
21 SQL> select concat('010-','88888888')||'转23' 高乾竞电话 from dual;
22
23 高乾竞电话
24 ----------------
25 010-88888888转23
26
27 4.INITCAP
28 返回字符串并将字符串的第一个字母变为大写;
29 SQL> select initcap('smith') upp from dual;
30
31 UPP
32 -----
33 Smith
34
35
36 5.INSTR(C1,C2,I,J)
37 在一个字符串中搜索指定的字符,返回发现指定的字符的位置;
38 C1 被搜索的字符串
39 C2 希望搜索的字符串
40 I 搜索的开始位置,默认为1
41 J 出现的位置,默认为1
42 SQL> select instr('oracle traning','ra',1,2) instring from dual;
43
44 INSTRING
45 ---------
46 9
47
48
49 6.LENGTH
50 返回字符串的长度;
51 SQL> select name,length(name),addr,length(addr),sal,length(to_char(sal)) from gao.nchar_tst;
52
53 NAME LENGTH(NAME) ADDR LENGTH(ADDR) SAL LENGTH(TO_CHAR(SAL))
54 ------ ------------ ---------------- ------------ --------- --------------------
55 高乾竞 3 北京市海锭区 6 9999.99 7
56
57
58
59 7.LOWER
60 返回字符串,并将所有的字符小写
61 SQL> select lower('AaBbCcDd')AaBbCcDd from dual;
62
63 AABBCCDD
64 --------
65 aabbccdd
66
67
68 8.UPPER
69 返回字符串,并将所有的字符大写
70 SQL> select upper('AaBbCcDd') upper from dual;
71
72 UPPER
73 --------
74 AABBCCDD
75
76
77
78 9.RPAD和LPAD(粘贴字符)
79 RPAD 在列的右边粘贴字符
80 LPAD 在列的左边粘贴字符
81 SQL> select lpad(rpad('gao',10,'*'),17,'*')from dual;
82
83 LPAD(RPAD('GAO',1
84 -----------------
85 *******gao*******
86 不够字符则用*来填满
87
88
89 10.LTRIM和RTRIM
90 LTRIM 删除左边出现的字符串
91 RTRIM 删除右边出现的字符串
92 SQL> select ltrim(rtrim(' gao qian jing ',' '),' ') from dual;
93
94 LTRIM(RTRIM('
95 -------------
96 gao qian jing
97
98
99 11.SUBSTR(string,start,count)
100 取子字符串,从start开始,取count个
101 SQL> select substr('13088888888',3,8) from dual;
102
103 SUBSTR('
104 --------
105 08888888
106
107
108 12.REPLACE('string','s1','s2')
109 string 希望被替换的字符或变量
110 s1 被替换的字符串
111 s2 要替换的字符串
112 SQL> select replace('he love you','he','i') from dual;
113
114 REPLACE('H
115 ----------
116 i love you
117
118
119 13.SOUNDEX
120 返回一个与给定的字符串读音相同的字符串
121 SQL> create table table1(xm varchar(8));
122 SQL> insert into table1 values('weather');
123 SQL> insert into table1 values('wether');
124 SQL> insert into table1 values('gao');
125
126 SQL> select xm from table1 where soundex(xm)=soundex('weather');
127
128 XM
129 --------
130 weather
131 wether
132
133
134 14.TRIM('s' from 'string')
135 LEADING 剪掉前面的字符
136 TRAILING 剪掉后面的字符
137 如果不指定,默认为空格符
138
139 15.ABS
140 返回指定值的绝对值
141 SQL> select abs(100),abs(-100) from dual;
142
143 ABS(100) ABS(-100)
144 --------- ---------
145 100 100
146
147
148 16.ACOS
149 给出反余弦的值
150 SQL> select acos(-1) from dual;
151
152 ACOS(-1)
153 ---------
154 3.1415927
155
156
157 17.ASIN
158 给出反正弦的值
159 SQL> select asin(0.5) from dual;
160
161 ASIN(0.5)
162 ---------
163 .52359878
164
165
166 18.ATAN
167 返回一个数字的反正切值
168 SQL> select atan(1) from dual;
169
170 ATAN(1)
171 ---------
172 .78539816
173
174
175 19.CEIL
176 返回大于或等于给出数字的最小整数
177 SQL> select ceil(3.1415927) from dual;
178
179 CEIL(3.1415927)
180 ---------------
181 4
182
183
184 20.COS
185 返回一个给定数字的余弦
186 SQL> select cos(-3.1415927) from dual;
187
188 COS(-3.1415927)
189 ---------------
190 -1
191
192
193 21.COSH
194 返回一个数字反余弦值
195 SQL> select cosh(20) from dual;
196
197 COSH(20)
198 ---------
199 242582598
200
201
202 22.EXP
203 返回一个数字e的n次方根
204 SQL> select exp(2),exp(1) from dual;
205
206 EXP(2) EXP(1)
207 --------- ---------
208 7.3890561 2.7182818
209
210
211 23.FLOOR
212 对给定的数字取整数
213 SQL> select floor(2345.67) from dual;
214
215 FLOOR(2345.67)
216 --------------
217 2345
218
219
220 24.LN
221 返回一个数字的对数值
222 SQL> select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.7182818) from dual;
223
224 LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.7182818)
225 --------- --------- -------------
226 0 .69314718 .99999999
227
228
229 25.LOG(n1,n2)
230 返回一个以n1为底n2的对数
231 SQL> select log(2,1),log(2,4) from dual;
232
233 LOG(2,1) LOG(2,4)
234 --------- ---------
235 0 2
236
237
238 26.MOD(n1,n2)
239 返回一个n1除以n2的余数
240 SQL> select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual;
241
242 MOD(10,3) MOD(3,3) MOD(2,3)
243 --------- --------- ---------
244 1 0 2
245
246
247 27.POWER
248 返回n1的n2次方根
249 SQL> select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual;
250
251 POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3)
252 ----------- ----------
253 1024 27
254
255
256 28.ROUND和TRUNC
257 按照指定的精度进行舍入
258 SQL> select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual;
259
260 ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5)
261 ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------
262 56 -55 55 -55
263
264
265 29.SIGN
266 取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0
267 SQL> select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual;
268
269 SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0)
270 --------- ---------- ---------
271 1 -1 0
272
273
274 30.SIN
275 返回一个数字的正弦值
276 SQL> select sin(1.57079) from dual;
277
278 SIN(1.57079)
279 ------------
280 1
281
282
283 31.SIGH
284 返回双曲正弦的值
285 SQL> select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual;
286
287 SIN(20) SINH(20)
288 --------- ---------
289 .91294525 242582598
290
291
292 32.SQRT
293 返回数字n的根
294 SQL> select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual;
295
296 SQRT(64) SQRT(10)
297 --------- ---------
298 8 3.1622777
299
300
301 33.TAN
302 返回数字的正切值
303 SQL> select tan(20),tan(10) from dual;
304
305 TAN(20) TAN(10)
306 --------- ---------
307 2.2371609 .64836083
308
309
310 34.TANH
311 返回数字n的双曲正切值
312 SQL> select tanh(20),tan(20) from dual;
313
314 TANH(20) TAN(20)
315 --------- ---------
316 1 2.2371609
317
318
319
320 35.TRUNC
321 按照指定的精度截取一个数
322 SQL> select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual;
323
324 TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2)
325 --------- ------------------
326 100 124.16
327
328
329
330 36.ADD_MONTHS
331 增加或减去月份
332 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),2),'yyyymm') from dual;
333
334 TO_CHA
335 ------
336 200002
337 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),-2),'yyyymm') from dual;
338
339 TO_CHA
340 ------
341 199910
342
343
344 37.LAST_DAY
345 返回日期的最后一天
346 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd'),to_char((sysdate)+1,'yyyy.mm.dd') from dual;
347
348 TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR((S
349 ---------- ----------
350 2004.05.09 2004.05.10
351 SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
352
353 LAST_DAY(S
354 ----------
355 31-5月 -04
356
357
358 38.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1)
359 给出date2-date1的月份
360 SQL> select months_between('19-12月-1999','19-3月-1999') mon_between from dual;
361
362 MON_BETWEEN
363 -----------
364 9
365 SQL>selectmonths_between(to_date('2000.05.20','yyyy.mm.dd'),to_date('2005.05.20','yyyy.mm.dd')) mon_betw from dual;
366
367 MON_BETW
368 ---------
369 -60
370
371
372 39.NEW_TIME(date,'this','that')
373 给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时间
374 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') bj_time,to_char(new_time
375 2 (sysdate,'PDT','GMT'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') los_angles from dual;
376
377 BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES
378 ------------------- -------------------
379 2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:32
380
381
382 40.NEXT_DAY(date,'day')
383 给出日期date和星期x之后计算下一个星期的日期
384 SQL> select next_day('18-5月-2001','星期五') next_day from dual;
385
386 NEXT_DAY
387 ----------
388 25-5月 -01
389
390
391
392 41.SYSDATE
393 用来得到系统的当前日期
394 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd-mm-yyyy day') from dual;
395
396 TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'
397 -----------------
398 09-05-2004 星期日
399 trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,如果fmt='mi'表示保留分,截断秒
400 SQL> select to_char(trunc(sysdate,'hh'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hh,
401 2 to_char(trunc(sysdate,'mi'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hhmm from dual;
402
403 HH HHMM
404 ------------------- -------------------
405 2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:00
406
407
408
409 42.CHARTOROWID
410 将字符数据类型转换为ROWID类型
411 SQL> select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp;
412
413 ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME
414 ------------------ ------------------ ----------
415 AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITH
416 AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLEN
417 AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARD
418 AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES
419
420
421 43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset)
422 将源字符串 sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集
423 SQL> select convert('strutz','we8hp','f7dec') "conversion" from dual;
424
425 conver
426 ------
427 strutz
428
429
430 44.HEXTORAW
431 将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制
432
433
434 45.RAWTOHEXT
435 将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制
436
437
438
439 46.ROWIDTOCHAR
440 将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型
441
442
443
444 47.TO_CHAR(date,'format')
445 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
446
447 TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY
448 -------------------
449 2004/05/09 21:14:41
450
451
452
453 48.TO_DATE(string,'format')
454 将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期
455
456
457 49.TO_MULTI_BYTE
458 将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符
459 SQL> select to_multi_byte('高') from dual;
460
461 TO
462 --
463 高
464
465
466 50.TO_NUMBER
467 将给出的字符转换为数字
468 SQL> select to_number('1999') year from dual;
469
470 YEAR
471 ---------
472 1999
473
474
475 51.BFILENAME(dir,file)
476 指定一个外部二进制文件
477 SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename('lob_dir1','image1.gif'));
478
479
480 52.CONVERT('x','desc','source')
481 将x字段或变量的源source转换为desc
482 SQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command,
483 2 0,'none',
484 3 2,'insert',
485 4 3,
486 5 'select',
487 6 6,'update',
488 7 7,'delete',
489 8 8,'drop',
490 9 'other') cmd from v$session where type!='background';
491
492 SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD
493 --------- --------- ------------------------------ ------
494 1 1 none
495 2 1 none
496 3 1 none
497 4 1 none
498 5 1 none
499 6 1 none
500 7 1275 none
501 8 1275 none
502 9 20 GAO select
503 10 40 GAO none
504
505
506 53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length)
507 DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值
508 SQL> col global_name for a30
509 SQL> col dump_string for a50
510 SQL> set lin 200
511 SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name;
512
513 GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING
514 ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
515 ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D
516
517
518 54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB()
519 这两个函数都是用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数
520
521
522 55.GREATEST
523 返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小.
524 SQL> select greatest('AA','AB','AC') from dual;
525
526 GR
527 --
528 AC
529 SQL> select greatest('啊','安','天') from dual;
530
531 GR
532 --
533 天
534
535
536 56.LEAST
537 返回一组表达式中的最小值
538 SQL> select least('啊','安','天') from dual;
539
540 LE
541 --
542 啊
543
544
545 57.UID
546 返回标识当前用户的唯一整数
547 SQL> show user
548 USER 为"GAO"
549 SQL> select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid;
550
551 USERNAME USER_ID
552 ------------------------------ ---------
553 GAO 25
554
555
556
557 58.USER
558 返回当前用户的名字
559 SQL> select user from dual;
560
561 USER
562 ------------------------------
563 GAO
564
565
566 59.USEREVN
567 返回当前用户环境的信息,opt可以是:
568 ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZE
569 ISDBA 查看当前用户是否是DBA如果是则返回true
570 SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual;
571
572 USEREN
573 ------
574 FALSE
575 SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual;
576
577 USEREN
578 ------
579 TRUE
580 SESSION
581 返回会话标志
582 SQL> select userenv('sessionid') from dual;
583
584 USERENV('SESSIONID')
585 --------------------
586 152
587 ENTRYID
588 返回会话人口标志
589 SQL> select userenv('entryid') from dual;
590
591 USERENV('ENTRYID')
592 ------------------
593 0
594 INSTANCE
595 返回当前INSTANCE的标志
596 SQL> select userenv('instance') from dual;
597
598 USERENV('INSTANCE')
599 -------------------
600 1
601 LANGUAGE
602 返回当前环境变量
603 SQL> select userenv('language') from dual;
604
605 USERENV('LANGUAGE')
606 ----------------------------------------------------
607 SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK
608 LANG
609 返回当前环境的语言的缩写
610 SQL> select userenv('lang') from dual;
611
612 USERENV('LANG')
613 ----------------------------------------------------
614 ZHS
615 TERMINAL
616 返回用户的终端或机器的标志
617 SQL> select userenv('terminal') from dual;
618
619 USERENV('TERMINA
620 ----------------
621 GAO
622 VSIZE(X)
623 返回X的大小(字节)数
624 SQL> select vsize(user),user from dual;
625
626 VSIZE(USER) USER
627 ----------- ------------------------------
628 6 SYSTEM
629
630
631
632 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)
633 all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值
634 SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2));
635 语句已处理。
636 SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11);
637 SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11);
638 SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('zhu',5555.55);
639 SQLWKS> commit;
640
641 SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3;
642
643 AVG(DISTINCTSAL)
644 ----------------
645 3333.33
646
647 SQL> select avg(all sal) from gao.table3;
648
649 AVG(ALLSAL)
650 -----------
651 2592.59
652
653
654 61.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL)
655 求最大值,ALL表示对所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次
656 SQL> select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
657
658 MAX(DISTINCTSAL)
659 ----------------
660 5000
661
662
663 62.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL)
664 求最小值,ALL表示对所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次
665 SQL> select min(all sal) from gao.table3;
666
667 MIN(ALLSAL)
668 -----------
669 1111.11
670
671
672 63.STDDEV(distinct|all)
673 求标准差,ALL表示对所有的值求标准差,DISTINCT表示只对不同的值求标准差
674 SQL> select stddev(sal) from scott.emp;
675
676 STDDEV(SAL)
677 -----------
678 1182.5032
679
680 SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
681
682 STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL)
683 -------------------
684 1229.951
685
686
687
688 64.VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL)
689 求协方差
690
691 SQL> select variance(sal) from scott.emp;
692
693 VARIANCE(SAL)
694 -------------
695 1398313.9
696
697
698 65.GROUP BY
699 主要用来对一组数进行统计
700 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno;
701
702 DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
703 --------- --------- ---------
704 10 3 8750
705 20 5 10875
706 30 6 9400
707
708
709
710 66.HAVING
711 对分组统计再加限制条件
712 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno having count(*)>=5;
713
714 DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
715 --------- --------- ---------
716 20 5 10875
717 30 6 9400
718 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)>=5 group by deptno ;
719
720 DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
721 --------- --------- ---------
722 20 5 10875
723 30 6 9400
724
725
726 67.ORDER BY
727 用于对查询到的结果进行排序输出
728 SQL> select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc;
729
730 DEPTNO ENAME SAL
731 --------- ---------- ---------
732 10 KING 5000
733 10 CLARK 2450
734 10 MILLER 1300
735 20 SCOTT 3000
736 20 FORD 3000
737 20 JONES 2975
738 20 ADAMS 1100
739 20 SMITH 800
740 30 BLAKE 2850
741 30 ALLEN 1600
742 30 TURNER 1500
743 30 WARD 1250
744 30 MARTIN 1250
745 30 JAMES 950
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