RMAN学习笔记02——常用设置
昨天学习了RMAN环境的搭建以及登录的方法,今天学习一下RMAN中的一些设置、常用命令、以及参数的意义。工欲善其事,必先利其器嘛。总的来说RMAN的参数并不是非常复杂,基本上一天时间的学习可以基本掌握,再接下去就是要通过实践来强化记忆和了解实际用法了。
1、打开和关闭数据库:
基础知识回顾:
Oracle的启动过程分为三个阶段:
① 启动数据库实例:读取定义启动参数的文件、分配SGA区、启动后台进程
② 加载数据库文件:读取参数文件指定的控制文件、将数据库文件与已启动实例关联
③ 打开数据库:打开联机数据文件、日志文件
数据库启动可分为:
① startup:正常方式启动实例、加载数据库文件、打开数据库
② startup force:强制打开数据库
③ startup mount:只启动实例,不打开数据库(用于切换模式、恢复数据等)
④ alter database open:startup mount后打开数据库
数据库关闭可分为:
① shutdown normal:正常关闭,必须等所有用户退出后才关闭
② shutdown immediate:立即关闭,所有正在处理的事务回退
③ shutdown abort:异常关闭,马上关闭数据库,但不对事务进行处理
由于备份一般需要在关闭数据库的情况下操作,所以RMAN具有直接打开和关闭数据库的功能。
所有操作指令与sqlplus下的命令完全相同。
2、常用命令
①
要使用操作系统命令:
RMAN> host;
Microsoft Windows XP [版本 5.1.2600]
(C) 版权所有 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.
C:\Documents and Settings\wangxiaoqi>
与SqlPlus中不同的是,RMAN中host后面必须加“;”
② 使用SQL命令:
RMAN> SQL 'ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG ALL';
但是使用SQL命令的限制比较多,主要是针对数据库级的操作,很多的SQL语句都是无法使用的
因此最好的方法是先host登录到OS,再sqlplus进入SQL:
RMAN> host;
Microsoft Windows XP [版本 5.1.2600]
(C) 版权所有 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.
C:\Documents and Settings\wangxiaoqi>sqlplus wangxiaoqi/wangxiaoqi
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Sep 18 14:30:03 2008
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
SQL>
3、
首先列出所有指标:
RMAN> show all;
using target database controlfile instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO 'D:\ORACLE\ORA92\DATABASE\SNCFDODO.ORA';# default
4、
配置自动通道数:
RMAN> show device type;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1; # default
RMAN> configure device type disk parallelism 2; --表示并行数
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
指定在以后的备份与恢复中,将采用并行度为2,同时开启2个通道进行备份与恢复,当然也可以在run中指定通道来决定备份与恢复的并行程度。并行的数目决定了开启通道的个数。如果指定了通道配置,将采用指定的通道,如果没有指定通道,将采用默认通道配置。有点儿绕是吧,我来给你白话一把。
默认情况下,自动分配通道的并行度为1,如果你通过设置PARALLELISM设置了并行通道为2,那么在run块中,如果你没有单独通过ALLOCATE CHANNEL命令指定通道,它会默认使用2条并行通道,如果你在run命令块中指定了数个ALLOCATE CHANNEL,那么rman在执行备份命令时会以你设置的channel为准,而不管configure中配置了多少个并行通道。需要注意的一点是,在backup命令中有一个FILESPERSET参数,该参数是指rman建立的每个备份集中所能包含的备份片段(即磁盘文件)的最大数,该参数默认值为64,如果在执行backup命令时没有指定该参数值,那么rman会仅使用第一个通道来执行备份,其它通道将处于空闲状态。关于通道数与FILESPERSET值之间也有一个大小关系,逻辑稍显复杂这些就不多废话了,总之一条,filesperset值不要小于你设定的通道数。
RMAN> show device type;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2;
若要清除对通道数的设置(其它参数同):
RMAN> configure device type disk clear;
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2;
RMAN configuration parameters are successfully reset to default value
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
5、制定自动通道默认设备:
RMAN> show default device type;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
RMAN> configure default device type to sbt; --磁带备份
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO 'SBT_TAPE';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN> configure default device type clear; --还原默认设置
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO 'SBT_TAPE';
RMAN configuration parameters are successfully reset to default value
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
6、配置磁盘:
RMAN> show channel;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
RMAN configuration has no stored or default parameters
RMAN> configure channel device type disk format 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN> configure channel 2 device type disk format 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN> show channel;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
注:%t代替时间戳;%s代替备份组号;%p代替备份片号
取消:
RMAN> configure channel 2 device type disk clear;
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'D:\oracle\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ora_%t_%s_%p';
old RMAN configuration parameters are successfully deleted
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
7、控制文件配置:
启动控制文件的自动备份:
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
RMAN> show controlfile autobackup;
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
设置控制文件、服务器参数文件备份文件格式路径:
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup format for device type disk to 'D:\oracle
\oradata\dodo\rmanback\ctl_%F'; --F必须大写
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 'D:\oracle\orada
ta\dodo\rmanback\ctl_%F';
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
8、保存策略:
保存策略分两种
时间策略:决定至少有一个备份能恢复到指定的日期
RMAN> configure retention policy to recovery window of 3 days;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 3 DAYS;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
注:保证至少有一个备份能恢复到3天前的时间点上,之前备份标注为obsolete
冗余策略:决定至少有几个冗余的备份:
RMAN> configure retention policy to redundancy 3;
old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 3 DAYS;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 3;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
starting full resync of recovery catalog
full resync complete
注:至少需要有3个冗余备份,若多于3个,则以前备份标记为obsolete
取消策略:
RMAN> configure retention policy to none;
查看策略:
RMAN> show retention policy
RMAN configuration parameters are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 3;
注:可以用 RMAN> report obsolete; 来查找当前的obsolete备份。
9、备份优化设置:
打开备份优化:
RMAN> CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION ON;
关闭备份优化:
RMAN> CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF;
具体优化机制比较复杂,需要注意以下两点:
①type只能选一种,不能disk和sbt都选
②BACKUP DATABASE或BACKUP ARCHIVELOG命令中带有ALL或LIKE参数