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WebWork2教程(中文版)(5)(完)

5Interceptors

Interceptors允许在调用堆栈中包含任意在Action处理之前和/或处理之后执行的代码。这是你的代码简单,更能重用。XworkWebWork的大部分特性都是Interceptors实现的。你可以通过外部配置,按照你定义的顺序,对指定的Action应用你自己的Interceptors

当你访问.action URL时,WebWorkServletDispatcher启动Action对象,在Action被执行之前,启动允许被其它的对象中断,这就称Interceptor。在指定的Action之前(或之后)执行Interceptor,只要在xwork.xml中配置属性。下面是4.1.1节中展示UI标记用法的例子的Interceptor配置:

<action name="formProcessing" class="lesson04_01_01.FormProcessingAction"> 
       <result name="input" type="dispatcher">ex01-index.jsp</result> 
       <result name="success" type="dispatcher">ex01-success.jsp</result> 
       <interceptor-ref name="validationWorkflowStack" /> 
</action>

FormProcessingAction使用了validationWorkflowStack。这是一个Interceptor堆,组织一组按顺序执行的InterceptorsValidationWorkflowStackwebwork-default.xml中配置,所以我们只要使用<interceptor-ref />Action配置中,或使用<default-interceptor-ref />package配置中使用它。下面是HelloWebWorld例子的Interceptor配置:

<!DOCTYPE xwork PUBLIC "-//OpenSymphony Group//XWork 1.0//EN" 
"http://www.opensymphony.com/xwork/xwork-1.0.dtd">
<xwork>
       <!-- Include webwork defaults (from WebWork-2.1 JAR). -->
       <include file="webwork-default.xml" />
       <!-- Configuration for the default package. -->
       <package name="default" extends="webwork-default">
              <!-- Default interceptor stack. --> 
              <default-interceptor-ref name="defaultStack" /> 
              <!-- Action: Lesson 03: HelloWebWorldAction. --> 
              <action name="helloWebWorld" class="lesson03.HelloWebWorldAction"> 
                <result name="success" type="dispatcher">ex01-success.jsp</result> 
              </action> 
       </package>
</xwork>

看一下Interceptor如何工作的

l         创建Interceptor类,需要扩展com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.Interceptor接口(包含在xwork-1.0.jar);

l         xwork.xml文件中,使用<interceptors />内嵌的<interceptor />声明Interceptor类;

l         使用<interceptor-stack />创建Interceptor堆(可选);

l         使用<interceptor-ref /> <default-interceptor-ref />哪些Interceptor由哪个Action使用;前者由指定Action使用,后者为所有Action使用

1webwork-default.xml

让我们看一下webwork-default.xml的内容:

<!DOCTYPE xwork PUBLIC "-//OpenSymphony Group//XWork 1.0//EN" 
"http://www.opensymphony.com/xwork/xwork-1.0.dtd">
<xwork>
       <package name="webwork-default">
              <result-types>
                <result-type name="dispatcher" default="true"
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.dispatcher.ServletDispatcherResult"/>
                <result-type name="redirect" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.dispatcher.ServletRedirectResult"/>
                <result-type name="velocity" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.dispatcher.VelocityResult"/>
                <result-type name="chain" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.ActionChainResult"/>
                <result-type name="xslt" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.views.xslt.XSLTResult"/>
              </result-types>
              <interceptors>
                <interceptor name="timer" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.TimerInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="logger" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="chain" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="static-params" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="params" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="model-driven" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="component" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.component.ComponentInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="token" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.interceptor.TokenInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="token-session" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.interceptor.TokenSessionStoreInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="validation" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.validator.ValidationInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="workflow" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="servlet-config" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="prepare" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor name="conversionError" 
                       class="com.opensymphony.webwork.interceptor.WebWorkConversionErrorInterceptor"/>
                <interceptor-stack name="defaultStack">
                       <interceptor-ref name="static-params"/>
                       <interceptor-ref name="params"/>
                       <interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/>
                </interceptor-stack>
                <interceptor-stack name="validationWorkflowStack">
                       <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
                       <interceptor-ref name="validation"/>
                       <interceptor-ref name="workflow"/>
                </interceptor-stack>
              </interceptors>
       </package>
</xwork>

既然在我们的xwork.xml中包含了webwork-default.xml,我们就可以在Action中使用这些InterceptorInterceptor堆。下面是这些Interceptor做的事情:

l         timer:对Action的执行进行计时(包括嵌套的Interceptor和视图)

l         chain:使前一个Action的属性对当前的Action有效,通常创建Action

l         static-params:设置xwork.xml中的参数到Action中(<action />内嵌的<param />

l         params:设置请求参数(POSTGET)到Action

l         model-driven:如果Action实现ModelDriven,将getModel()的结果推到Value Stack

l         component:使能和注册组件,使其对Action有效

l         token:检查Action中的有效token,防止重复提交

l         token-session:同上,但是当处理到无效token时,在session中保存提交的数据

l         validation:使用在{Action}-vaildation.xml中定义的验证器进行数据验证

l         workflow:调用Action类中的validate()方法,在发生错误时,返回INPUT视图;应该和validation Interceptor一起使用

l         servlet-config:获得对HttpServletRequestHttpServletResponse的访问(由于绑定到Servlet API,最好不要使用)

l         prepare

l         conversionError

2)创建自己的Interceptor

如果上面的Interceptor没有适合你的,你可以创建自己的Interceptor。下面的例子假设我们需要一个Interceptorsession中根据当天时间放置一个欢迎信息:

GreetingInterceptor.java

package lesson05;
 
import java.util.Calendar;
import com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.Interceptor;
import com.opensymphony.xwork.ActionInvocation;
 
public class GreetingInterceptor implements Interceptor {
       public void init() { }
       public void destroy() { }
       public String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation) throws Exception {
              Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
              int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
              String greeting = (hour < 6) ? "Good evening" : 
                ((hour < 12) ? "Good morning": 
                ((hour < 18) ? "Good afternoon": "Good evening"));
 
              invocation.getInvocationContext().getSession().put("greeting", greeting);
 
              String result = invocation.invoke();
 
              return result;
       }
}

xwork.xml

<!DOCTYPE xwork PUBLIC "-//OpenSymphony Group//XWork 1.0//EN" 
"http://www.opensymphony.com/xwork/xwork-1.0.dtd">
 
<xwork>
       <!-- Include webwork defaults (from WebWork-2.1 JAR). -->
       <include file="webwork-default.xml" />
       
       <!-- Configuration for the default package. -->
       <package name="default" extends="webwork-default">
              <interceptors> 
                <interceptor name="greeting" class="section02.lesson05.GreetingInterceptor" /> 
              </interceptors> 
         
              <!-- Action: Lesson 5: GreetingInterceptor. --> 
              <action name="greetingAction" class="lesson05.GreetingAction"> 
                <result name="success" type="velocity">ex01-result.vm</result> 
                <interceptor-ref name="greeting" /> 
              </action> 
       </package>
</xwork>

GreetingAction.java

package lesson05;
 
import com.opensymphony.xwork.ActionSupport;
 
public class GreetingAction extends ActionSupport {
       public String execute() throws Exception {
              return SUCCESS;
       }
}

ex01-result.vm

<html>
<head>
<title>WebWork Tutorial - Lesson 5 - Example 1</title>
</head>
<body>
 
#set ($ses = $req.getSession())
<p><b>${ses.getAttribute('greeting')}!</b></p>
 
</body>
</html>

Interceptor类要扩展com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.Interceptor接口:init()Interceptor初始化时调用;destroy()在销毁时调用;intercept(ActionInvocation invocation)是处理的中心。

invocation.invoke()用来调用Interceptor堆中下一个Interceptor,或是Action(如果没有的话)。因此,我们完全可以绕开Action而返回结果(不执行Action)。

上面的例子是在Action执行之前调用,如果要在Action执行之后调用Interceptor,只要将执行代码放在invocation.invoke()之后。

WebWork提供一个实现这种方式的抽象类com.opensymphony.xwork.interceptor.AroundInterceptor,你只要实现它的before(ActionInvocation invocation) after(ActionInvocation dispatcher, String result)方法就可以了。


posted on 2007-06-28 09:38 junky 阅读(692) 评论(0)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: web


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