1Why Use Views
to restrict data access
to make complex query easy
to provide data independence
to provide defferent view of the same data
2 Creating a View
1)create [or replace] [force|noforce] view view
as subquery
force : create view wether the referenced object existed or not
desc view_name;
2)create a view by using column aliases in the subquery
create view salv50
as select employee_idIO_NUMBER,last_name NAME,slaary*12 ANN_SALARY
from employees
where department_id=50;
3 Modigy a View
1) Modigy the emplvu80 view by using create or replace view clause.Add an alias for each column name;
create or replace view empvu80
(id_number,name,sal,department_id)
as select employee_id,first_name||" "||last_name,salary.department_id
from employees
where department_id=80;
column aliases in the create view clause are listed in the same order as the columns in the subquery
note : alter view_name is not a valid command.
4 Create a Complex View
Create a complex view that contains group functions to display values from two tables
create view dept_sum_vu
(name,minsal,maxsal,avgsal)
as
select d.department_name,min(e.salary),max(e.salary),avg(e.salary)
from employees e,departments d
where e.department_id=d.department_id
group by d.department_name;
5 Rules for performs DML operaton on a view
1) You can perform DML operation on simple views
2) You can not romove a row if the view contains the following:
--group functions
--a group by clause
--the distinct keyword
-- rownum keyword
-- column defined by expressions
6 Using the with check option Clause
1) you can ensure that dml operatons performed on the view stay within the domain of the view by using the with check option clause.
create view test1
as
select * from emp where qty>10;
with check option;
update testview1 set qty=10
where ster_id=6830;
--when you doing the following update operation
update testview1 set qty=5 where id=10;
-- an error will report
--you violate the where clause
2)Any attempt to change the department number for any row in the view fails because it violates the with check option constraint
create or replace view empvu20
as
select * where department_id=20
with check option constriant empvu20_ck;
7 Denying DML Operations
1 You can ensure that no dml operations occur by adding the with read only option to your view definition.
2)Any attempt to a DML on any row in the view resuls in an oralce server error.
8 remove veiw
drop view_name
9 inline view
1) an inline view is a subquery with an alias that you can use within a sql statement.
2) a named subquery in the from clause of the main query is an exqmple of an inline view
3) an inline view is not a schema object.
10 Top-N Analysis
1)Top_N querise ask for the n largest or smallest values of a column.
2)Both largest values and smallest values sets considered Top-N queries
select * from (select ster_id,qty from sales);
example
To display the top three earner names and salaries from the employees
select rownum as rank,last_name,salary
from (select last_anme,slary from employee
order by slary desc)
where rownum<=3;