1. 查看表空间的名称及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size

from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d

where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name

group by t.tablespace_name;

 

2. 查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
 

select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,

round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space

from dba_data_files

order by tablespace_name;

 

3. 查看回滚段名称及大小
 

select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,

(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,

max_extents, v.curext CurExtent

From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v

Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)

order by segment_name;

 

4. 查看控制文件
 

select name from v$controlfile;

 

5. 查看日志文件
 

select member from v$logfile;

 

6. 查看表空间的使用情况
 

select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

 

SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,

(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"

FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C

WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;

 

7. 查看数据库对象
 

select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;

 

8. 查看数据库的版本　
 

Select version FROM Product_component_version

Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';

 

9. 查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
 

Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;

 

10. 捕捉运行很久的SQL
 

column username format a12

column opname format a16

column progress format a8

 

select username,sid,opname,

     round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,

     time_remaining,sql_text

from v$session_longops , v$sql

where time_remaining <> 0

and sql_address = address

and sql_hash_value = hash_value

/

11. 查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT  partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,

       pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,

       next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,

       freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,

       empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,

       last_analyzed

  FROM dba_tab_partitions

 --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner

ORDER BY partition_position

 

12. 查看还没提交的事务
select * from v$locked_object;

select * from v$transaction;

 

13. 查看object为哪些进程所用
select

p.spid,

s.sid,

s.serial# serial_num,

s.username user_name,

a.type object_type,

s.osuser os_user_name,

a.owner,

a.object object_name,

decode(sign(48 - command),

1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,

p.program oracle_process,

s.terminal terminal,

s.program program,

s.status session_status 

from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p 

where s.paddr = p.addr and

    s.type = 'USER' and  

    a.sid = s.sid  and

 a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'

order by s.username, s.osuser

 

14. 回滚段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents

Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,

v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,

sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,

v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and

v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum

 

15. 耗资源的进程(top session)
select s.schemaname schema_name,   decode(sign(48 - command), 1,

to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,   status

session_status,  s.osuser os_user_name,  s.sid,        p.spid ,        s.serial# serial_num, 

nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,  s.terminal terminal,  

s.program program,  st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st,  v$session s , v$process p 

where st.sid = s.sid and  st.statistic# = to_number('38') and  ('ALL' = 'ALL'

or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

 

16. 查看锁(lock)情况
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,  ls.username user_name, 

decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',

'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type, 

o.object_name object,  decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,

'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)

lock_mode,   o.owner,  ls.sid,  ls.serial# serial_num,  ls.id1,  ls.id2  

from sys.dba_objects o, (  select s.osuser,   s.username,   l.type,   

l.lmode,   s.sid,   s.serial#,   l.id1,   l.id2  from v$session s,   

v$lock l  where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and   o.owner

<> 'SYS'  order by o.owner, o.object_name

 

17. 查看等待(wait)情况
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value

FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',

'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

 

18. 查看sga情况
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

19. 查看catched object
SELECT owner,             name,             db_link,             namespace,

          type,             sharable_mem,             loads,             executions, 

         locks,             pins,             kept       FROM v$db_object_cache

        

20. 查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,

VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,

USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,

BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA

21. 查看object分类数量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,

'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from

sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3

, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select

'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from

 

22. 按用户查看object种类
select u.name schema,  sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes, 

sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,  sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))

clusters,  sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,  sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,

NULL)) synonyms,  sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences, 

sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))

others  from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u  where o.type# >= 1 and   u.user# =

o.owner# and  u.name <> 'PUBLIC'  group by u.name   order by

sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$

 

23. 有关connection的相关信息
1）查看有哪些用户连接

select s.osuser os_user_name,   decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),

'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    p.program oracle_process,   

status session_status,   s.terminal terminal,   s.program program,  

s.username user_name,   s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,   '' query,  

0 memory,   0 max_memory,    0 cpu_usage,   s.sid,  s.serial# serial_num  

from v$session s,   v$process p  where s.paddr=p.addr and   s.type = 'USER'

order by s.username, s.osuser

2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况

select n.name,

 v.value,

 n.class,

 n.statistic#

from v$statname n,

 v$sesstat v

where v.sid = 71 and

 v.statistic# = n.statistic#

order by n.class, n.statistic#

3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql

select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */

 command_type,

 sql_text,

 sharable_mem,

 persistent_mem,

 runtime_mem,

 sorts,

 version_count,

 loaded_versions,

 open_versions,

 users_opening,

 executions,

 users_executing,

 loads,

 first_load_time,

 invalidations,

 parse_calls,

 disk_reads,

 buffer_gets,

 rows_processed,

 sysdate start_time,

 sysdate finish_time,

 '>' || address sql_address,

 'N' status

from v$sqlarea

where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)

 

24. 查询表空间使用情况
select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称",

100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",

round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",

round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)",

round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",

Largest "最大扩展段(M)",

to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采样时间"

from (select f.tablespace_name,

  sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,

  sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes

from dba_data_files f

group by tablespace_name) a,

(select f.tablespace_name,

   sum(f.bytes) bytes_free

from dba_free_space f

group by tablespace_name) b,

(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,

  ts.name tablespace_name

from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts

where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#

group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c

where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name

 

25. 查询表空间的碎片程度
 

select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name

having count(tablespace_name)>10;

 

alter tablespace name coalesce;

alter table name deallocate unused;

 

create or replace view ts_blocks_v as

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space

union all

select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;

 

select * from ts_blocks_v;

 

select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

 

26. 查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;

27. 监控共享游标的使用
select sql_text,version_count,loads,invalidations,parse_calls,sorts from v$sqlarea

where parsing_user_id>0

and command_type=3

order by sql_text;

 

===========================================================

#########创建数据库----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############

 

create database db01

maxlogfiles 10

maxdatafiles 1024

maxinstances 2

logfile

GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,

datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,

undo tablespace UNDO

datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M

default temporary tablespace TEMP

tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M

extent management local uniform. size 128k

character set AL32UTE8

national character set AL16UTF16

set time_zone='America/New_York';

 

###############数据字典##########

 

set wrap off

 

select * from v$dba_users;

 

grant select on table_name to user/rule;

 

select * from user_tables;

 

select * from all_tables;

 

select * from dba_tables;

 

revoke dba from user_name;

 

shutdown immediate

 

startup nomount

 

select * from v$instance;

 

select * from v$sga;

 

select * from v$tablespace;

 

alter session set nls_language=american;

 

alter database mount;

 

select * from v$database;

 

alter database open;

 

desc dictionary

 

select * from dict;

 

desc v$fixed_table;

 

select * from v$fixed_table;

 

set oracle_sid=foxconn

 

select * from dba_objects;

 

set serveroutput on

 

execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');

 

#############控制文件###########

 

select * from v$database;

 

select * from v$tablespace;

 

select * from v$logfile;

 

select * from v$log;

 

select * from v$backup;

 

/*备份用户表空间*/

alter tablespace users begin backup;

 

select * from v$archived_log;

 

select * from v$controlfile;

 

alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',

'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;

 

cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl

 

startup pfile='../initSID.ora'

 

select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;

 

show parameter control;

 

select * from v$controlfile_record_section;

 

select * from v$tempfile;

 

/*备份控制文件*/

alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';

 

/*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc的文本文件*/

alter database backup controlfile to trace;

 

############### redo log ##############

 

archive log list;

 

alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档

 

alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch

 

alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint

 

alter tablspace users begin backup;

 

alter tablespace offline;

 

/*checkpoint同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/

show parameter fast;

 

show parameter log_checkpoint;

 

/*加入一个日志组*/

alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);

 

/*加入日志组的一个成员*/

alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;

 

/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/

alter database drop logfile group 3;

 

/*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/

alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';

 

/*清除在线日志*/

alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';

 

alter database clear logfile group 3;

 

/*清除非归档日志*/

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;

 

/*重命名日志文件*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';

 

show parameter db_create;

 

alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';

 

select * from v$log;

 

select * from v$logfile;

 

/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/

alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;

 

achive log start;---启动自动归档

 

alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件

 

select * from v$archived_log;

 

show parameter log_archive;

 

######分析日志文件logmnr ##############

 

1)在init.ora中set utl_file_dir参数

2)重新启动oracle

3) create目录文件

desc dbms_logmnr_d;

dbms_logmnr_d.build;

4)加入日志文件add/remove log file

dhms_logmnr.add_logfile

dbms_logmnr.removefile

5) start logmnr

dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr

6)分析出来的内容查询v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo

 

实践：

 

desc dbms_logmnr_d;

 

/*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/

update表set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;

 

delete表where stor_id=7066;

/***********************************/

utl_file_dir的路径

execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');

 

execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);

 

execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');

 

######### tablespace ##############

 

select * form. v$tablespace;

 

select * from v$datafile;

 

/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/

select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;

 

alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;

 

select * from dba_rollback_segs;

 

/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/

alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;

 

create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];

 

exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;

/*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m;

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;

/*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/

create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform. size 1m segment space management auto;

 

alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;

 

alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);

 

/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */

create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;

 

show parameter undo;

 

/*temporary tablespace*/

create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;

 

/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;

 

/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;

 

alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;

 

/*重命名用户表空间*/

alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';

 

/*重命名系统表空间,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/

alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';

 

drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce

 

/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;

 

/*resize datafile*/

alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;

 

/*给表空间扩展空间*/

alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;

 

/*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/

alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';

 

create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;

 

drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;

 

select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;

 

/*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/

alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;

 

###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########

 

/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/

alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');

 

alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区

 

show parameter db;

 

alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数

 

select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;

 

select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;

 

/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/

select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where nwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';

 

############ UNDO Data ################

 

show parameter undo;

 

alter tablespace users offline normal;

 

alter tablespace users offline immediate;

 

recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';

 

alter tablespace users online ;

 

select * from dba_rollback_segs;

 

alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;

 

/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/

alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;

 

/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/

create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;

 

desc dbms_flashback;

 

/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/

execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');

 

execute dbms_flashback.disable;

 

/*回滚段的统计信息*/

select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;

 

/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)

UR :UNDO_RETENTION保留的时间(秒)

UPS :每秒的回滚数据块

DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/

 

select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;

 

show parameter transactions;

 

show parameter rollback;

 

/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/

create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;

 

alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式

 

/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定undo_management=manual、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、

transactions=100、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10

然后shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */

 

########## Managing Tables ###########

 

/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes

rowid是18位的64进制字符串(10个bytes 80 bits)

rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位

rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位

block#(块号)--22bits,6位

row#(行号)--16bits,3位

64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+共64个符号

 

dbms_rowid包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/

 

select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;

 

create table test2

(

id int,

lname varchar2(20) not null,

fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),

empdate date default sysdate)

) tablespace tablespace_name;

 

 

create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;

 

create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;

 

alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage

 

/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/

alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');

 

/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/

alter table table_name deallocate unused;

 

alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;

 

/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/

alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;

 

create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;

 

alter index index_name rebuild;

 

drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];

 

alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column

 

/*给表中不用的列做标记*/

alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;

 

/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/

alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

 

/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/

ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;

 

select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;

 

######## managing indexes ##########

 

/*create index*/

example:

/*创建一般索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*创建位图索引*/

create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*索引中不能用pctused*/

create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;

/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/

create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;

/*创建反转索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;

/*创建函数索引*/

create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;

/*建表时创建约束条件*/

create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;

 

/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/

show parameter create_bit;

 

/*改变索引的存储参数*/

alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);

 

/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/

alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');

 

/*释放索引中没用的空间*/

alter index index_name deallocate unused;

 

/*索引重建*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;

 

/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/

alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;

 

/*重建索引时，不锁表*/

alter index index_name rebuild online;

 

/*给索引整理碎片*/

alter index index_name COALESCE;

 

/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/

analyze index index_name validate structure;

 

desc index_state;

 

drop index index_name;

 

alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到

 

alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视

 

/*有关索引信息的视图*/

select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;

 

##########数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########

 

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop约束

 

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键

 

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束

 

/*创建外键约束*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);

 

/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;

 

/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;

 

/*修改约束条件，立即验证*/

alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;

 

alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;

 

/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/

drop table table_name cascade constraints;

 

/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/

truncate table table_name;

 

/*设约束条件无效*/

alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;

 

alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;

 

/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;

 

/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/

start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;

 

/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/

select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;

 

################## managing password security and resources ####################

 

alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;

 

alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期

 

/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/

create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;

/*创建口令配置文件*/

create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;

/*建立资源配置文件*/

create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

 

alter user user_name profile profile_name;

 

/*设置口令解锁时间*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;

 

/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;

 

/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/

alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];

 

alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令

 

drop profile profile_name;

 

/*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/

drop profile profile_name CASCADE;

 

alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false

 

/*配置资源参数*/

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;

/*资源参数(session级)

cpu_per_session每个session占用cpu的时间单位1/100秒

sessions_per_user允许每个用户的并行session数

connect_time允许连接的时间单位分钟

idle_time连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开单位分钟

logical_reads_per_session读块数

private_sga用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数单位bytes

 

(call级)

cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间

logical_reads_per_call每次调用能够读的块数

*/

 

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;

 

desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包

 

/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/

select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;

 

###### Managing users ############

 

show parameter os;

 

create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;

 

grant connect,createtable to testuser1;

 

alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;

 

/*创建用户*/

create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;

 

/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/

alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;

 

/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/

alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;

 

/*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/

create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;

 

/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/

alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;

 

/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/

drop user user_name [CASCADE];

 

/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/

desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';

 

/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/

alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;

 

######### Managing Privileges #############

 

grant create table,create session to user_name;

 

grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;

 

/*授予权限语法,public标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/

grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];

 

select * from v$pwfile_users;

 

/*当O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/

show parameter O7;

 

/*由于O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/

alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;

 

/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select某表中的某些字段的权限*/

grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;

 

/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/

grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;

 

select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;

 

/*db/os/none审计被记录在数据库/操作系统/不审计缺省是none*/

show parameter audit_trail;

 

/*启动对表的select动作*/

audit select on user.table_name by session;

 

/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/

audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];

 

desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包

 

/*取消审计*/

noaudit select on user.table_name;

 

/*查被审计信息*/

select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;

 

/*获取审计记录*/

select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;

 

########### Managing Role #################

 

create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;

 

create role role_name;

create role role_name identified by password;

create role role_name identified externally;

 

set role role_name ; ----激活role

set role role_name identified by password;

 

alter role role_name not identified;

alter role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name identified externally;

 

grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];

grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;

grant role_name1 to role_name2;

 

/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/

alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;

alter user user_name default role all;

alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;

alter user user_name default role none;

 

set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;

set role all;

set role except role1,role2,...;

set role none;

 

revoke role_name from user_name;

revoke role_name from public;

 

drop role role_name;

 

select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;

 

########### Basic SQL SELECT ################

 

select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;

 

select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符

 

/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/

select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;

 

/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/

select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;

 

/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,

某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/

select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),

round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;

 

/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/

select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;

 

select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1

when '30' then column2*2.1

when '10' then column3/20

else column3

end as ttt

from table_name ; ------使用case函数

 

select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1

[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接

[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接

[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接

[JOIN table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |

[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;

 

example:

select col1,col2 from table1 t1

join table2 t2

on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1

join table3 t3

on t2.col1=t3.col3;

 

select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

 

select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

 

insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form. table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);

 

MERGE INTO table_name table1

USING table_name2 table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

UPDATE SET

table1.col1=table2.col2,

table1.col2=table2.col3,

...

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句

 

##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################

 

alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column

 

alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。

alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列

 

rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表

 

comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息

 

create table table_name

(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),

constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件

 

alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键

 

/*建立外键*/

create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));

 

alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');

 

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;

 

alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键

 

alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效

 

/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/

alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;

 

select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图

 

############## Create Views #####################

 

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]

AS subquery

[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]

[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法

 

example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图

/*使用别名*/

Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;

/*创建复杂视图*/

Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;

/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/

Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;

 

/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/

update view_name set col1=value1;

 

/*TOP-N分析*/

select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;

 

/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/

example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;

 

############# Other database Object ###############

 

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]

[START WITH n]

[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]

[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]

[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]

[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE

 

example:

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10

START WITH 120

MAXVALUE 9999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE;

 

select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图

 

select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用

 

alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20

MAXVALUE 999999

NOCACHE

NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号

 

drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence

 

CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词

 

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词

 

CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK

 

select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象

 

/*union操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

 

/*union all操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

 

/*intersect操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

 

/*minus操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录,且对数据排序*/

select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;

 

/*EXTRACT抽取时间函数.此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/

select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;

/*EXTRACT抽取时间函数.此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/

select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;

 

##########################增强的group by子句#########################

 

select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合

 

example:

/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);

/*复合rollup表达式*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));

 

select [column,] group_function(column)...

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合

 

example:

/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

/*复合rollup表达式*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));

/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/

select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);

 

/*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/

select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)

from table

[WHERE condition]

[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]

[HAVING having_expression];

[ORDER BY column];

 

example:

select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);

 

/*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/

select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

--监控索引是否使用

alter index &index_name monitoring usage;

alter index &index_name nomonitoring usage;

select * from v$object_usage where index_name = &index_name;

--求数据文件的I/O分布

select df.name,phyrds,phywrts,phyblkrd,phyblkwrt,singleblkrds,readtim,writetim

from v$filestat fs,v$dbfile df

where fs.file#=df.file# order by df.name;

--求某个隐藏参数的值

col ksppinm format a54

col ksppstvl format a54

select ksppinm, ksppstvl

from x$ksppi pi, x$ksppcv cv

where cv.indx=pi.indx and pi.ksppinm like '\_%' escape '\' and pi.ksppinm like '%meer%';

--求系统中较大的latch

select name,sum(gets),sum(misses),sum(sleeps),sum(wait_time)

from v$latch_children

group by name having sum(gets) > 50 order by 2;

--求归档日志的切换频率(生产系统可能时间会很长)

select start_recid,start_time,end_recid,end_time,minutes from (select test.*, rownum as rn

from (select b.recid start_recid,to_char(b.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') start_time,

a.recid end_recid,to_char(a.first_time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') end_time,round(((a.first_time-b.first_time)*24)*60,2) minutes

from v$log_history a,v$log_history b where a.recid=b.recid+1 and b.first_time > sysdate - 1

order by a.first_time desc) test) y where y.rn < 30

--求回滚段正在处理的事务

select a.name,b.xacts,c.sid,c.serial#,d.sql_text

from v$rollname a,v$rollstat b,v$session c,v$sqltext d,v$transaction e

where a.usn=b.usn and b.usn=e.xidusn and c.taddr=e.addr

and c.sql_address=d.address and c.sql_hash_value=d.hash_value order by a.name,c.sid,d.piece;

--求出无效的对象

select 'alter procedure '||object_name||' compile;'

from dba_objects

where status='INVALID' and wner='&' and object_type in ('PACKAGE','PACKAGE BODY');

/

select owner,object_name,object_type,status from dba_objects where status='INVALID';

--求process/session的状态

select p.pid,p.spid,s.program,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$process p,v$session s where s.paddr=p.addr;

--求当前session的状态

select sn.name,ms.value

from v$mystat ms,v$statname sn

where ms.statistic#=sn.statistic# and ms.value > 0;

--求表的索引信息

select ui.table_name,ui.index_name

from user_indexes ui,user_ind_columns uic

where ui.table_name=uic.table_name and ui.index_name=uic.index_name

and ui.table_name like '&table_name%' and uic.column_name='&column_name';

--显示表的外键信息

col search_condition format a54

select table_name,constraint_name

from user_constraints

where constraint_type ='R' and constraint_name in (select constraint_name from user_cons_columns where column_name='&1');

select rpad(child.table_name,25,' ') child_tablename,

rpad(cp.column_name,17,' ') referring_column,rpad(parent.table_name,25,' ') parent_tablename,

rpad(pc.column_name,15,' ') referred_column,rpad(child.constraint_name,25,' ') constraint_name

from user_constraints child,user_constraints parent,

user_cons_columns cp,user_cons_columns pc

where child.constraint_type = 'R' and child.r_constraint_name = parent.constraint_name and

child.constraint_name = cp.constraint_name and parent.constraint_name = pc.constraint_name and

cp.position = pc.position and child.table_name ='&table_name'

order by child.owner,child.table_name,child.constraint_name,cp.position;

--显示表的分区及子分区(user_tab_subpartitions)

col table_name format a16

col partition_name format a16

col high_value format a81

select table_name,partition_name,HIGH_VALUE from user_tab_partitions where table_name='&table_name'

--使用dbms_xplan生成一个执行计划

explain plan set statement_id = '&sql_id' for &sql;

select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);

--求某个事务的重做信息(bytes)

select s.name,m.value

from v$mystat m,v$statname s

where m.statistic#=s.statistic# and s.name like '%redo size%';

--求cache中缓存超过其5%的对象

select o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name,count(b.objd)

from v$bh b,dba_objects o

where b.objd = o.object_id

group by o.owner,o.object_type,o.object_name

having count(b.objd) > (select to_number(value)*0.05 from v$parameter where name = 'db_block_buffers');

--求谁阻塞了某个session(10g)

select sid, username, event, blocking_session,

seconds_in_wait, wait_time

from v$session where state in ('WAITING') and wait_class != 'Idle';

--求session的OS进程ID

col program format a54

select p.spid "OS Thread", b.name "Name-User", s.program

from v$process p, v$session s, v$bgprocess b

where p.addr = s.paddr and p.addr = b.paddr

UNION ALL

select p.spid "OS Thread", s.username "Name-User", s.program

from v$process p, v$session s where p.addr = s.paddr and s.username is not null;

--查会话的阻塞

col user_name format a32

select /*+ rule */ lpad(' ',decode(l.xidusn ,0,3,0))||l.oracle_username user_name, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$locked_object l,dba_objects o,v$session s

where l.object_id=o.object_id and l.session_id=s.sid order by o.object_id,xidusn desc ;

col username format a15

col lock_level format a8

col owner format a18

col object_name format a32

select /*+ rule */ s.username, decode(l.type,'tm','table lock', 'tx','row lock', null) lock_level, o.owner,o.object_name,s.sid,s.serial#

from v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o

where l.sid = s.sid and l.id1 = o.object_id(+) and s.username is not null ;

--求等待的事件及会话信息/求会话的等待及会话信息

select se.sid,s.username,se.event,se.total_waits,se.time_waited,se.average_wait

from v$session s,v$session_event se

where s.username is not null and se.sid=s.sid and s.status='ACTIVE' and se.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;

select s.sid,s.username,sw.event,sw.wait_time,sw.state,sw.seconds_in_wait

from v$session s,v$session_wait sw

where s.username is not null and sw.sid=s.sid and sw.event not like '%SQL*Net%' order by s.username;

--求会话等待的file_id/block_id

col event format a24

col p1text format a12

col p2text format a12

col p3text format a12

select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3

from v$session_wait

where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%' order by event;

select name,wait_time from v$latch l where exists (select 1 from (select sid,event,p1text, p1, p2text, p2, p3text, p3

from v$session_wait

where event not like '%SQL%' and event not like '%rdbms%' and event not like '%mon%'

) x where x.p1= l.latch#);

--求会话等待的对象

col owner format a18

col segment_name format a32

col segment_type format a32

select owner,segment_name,segment_type

from dba_extents

where file_id = &file_id and &block_id between block_id and block_id + blocks - 1;

--求buffer cache中的块信息

select o.OBJECT_TYPE, substr(o.OBJECT_NAME,1,10) objname , b.objd , b.status, count(b.objd)

from v$bh b, dba_objects o

where b.objd = o.data_object_id and o.owner = '&1' group by o.object_type, o.object_name,b.objd, b.status ;

--求日志文件的空间使用

select le.leseq current_log_sequence#, 100*cp.cpodr_bno/le.lesiz percentage_full

from x$kcccp cp,x$kccle le

where le.leseq =cp.cpodr_seq;

--求等待中的对象

select /*+rule */ s.sid, s.username, w.event, o.owner, o.segment_name, o.segment_type,

o.partition_name, w.seconds_in_wait seconds, w.state

from v$session_wait w, v$session s, dba_extents o

where w.event in (select name from v$event_name where parameter1 = 'file#'

and parameter2 = 'block#' and name not like 'control%')

and o.owner <> 'sys' and w.sid = s.sid and w.p1 = o.file_id and w.p2 >= o.block_id and w.p2 < o.block_id + o.blocks

--求当前事务的重做尺寸

select value

from v$mystat, v$statname

where v$mystat.statistic# = v$statname.statistic# and v$statname.name = 'redo size';

--唤醒smon去清除临时段

column pid new_value Smon

set termout off

select p.pid from sys.v_$bgprocess b,sys.v_$process p where b.name = 'SMON' and p.addr = b.paddr

/

set termout on

oradebug wakeup &Smon

undefine Smon

--求回退率

select b.value/(a.value + b.value),a.value,b.value from v$sysstat a,v$sysstat b

where a.statistic#=4 and b.statistic#=5;

--求DISK READ较多的SQL

select st.sql_text from v$sql s,v$sqltext st

where s.address=st.address and s.hash_value=st.hash_value and s.disk_reads > 300;

--求DISK SORT严重的SQL

select sess.username, sql.sql_text, sort1.blocks

from v$session sess, v$sqlarea sql, v$sort_usage sort1

where sess.serial# = sort1.session_num

and sort1.sqladdr = sql.address

and sort1.sqlhash = sql.hash_value and sort1.blocks > 200;

--求对象的创建代码

column column_name format a36

column sql_text format a99

select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE','&1') from dual;

select dbms_metadata.get_ddl('INDEX','&1') from dual;

--求表的索引

set linesize 131

select a.index_name,a.column_name,b.status, b.index_type

from user_ind_columns a,user_indexes b

where a.index_name=b.index_name and a.table_name='&1';

求索引中行数较多的

select index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where num_rows > 10000 and blevel > 0

select table_name,index_name,blevel,num_rows,CLUSTERING_FACTOR,status from user_indexes where status <> 'VALID'

--求当前会话的SID，SERIAL#

select sid, serial# from v$session where audsid = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSIONID');

--求表空间的未用空间

col mbytes format 9999.9999

select tablespace_name,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 mbytes from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;

--求表中定义的触发器

select table_name,index_type,index_name,uniqueness from user_indexes where table_name='&1';

select trigger_name from user_triggers where table_name='&1';

--求未定义索引的表

select table_name from user_tables where table_name not in (select table_name from user_ind_columns);

--执行常用的过程

exec print_sql('select count(*) from tab');

exec show_space2('table_name');

--求free memory

select * from v$sgastat where name='free memory';

select a.name,sum(b.value) from v$statname a,v$sesstat b where a.statistic# = b.statistic# group by a.name;

查看一下谁在使用那个可以得回滚段，或者查看一下某个可以得用户在使用回滚段，

找出领回滚段不断增长的事务，再看看如何处理它，是否可以将它commit，再不行

就看看能否kill它，等等,查看当前正在使用的回滚段的用户信息和回滚段信息:

set linesize 121

SELECT r.name "ROLLBACK SEGMENT NAME ",l.sid "ORACLE PID",p.spid "SYSTEM PID ",s.username "ORACLE USERNAME"

FROM v$lock l, v$process p, v$rollname r, v$session s

WHERE l.sid = p.pid(+) AND s.sid=l.sid AND TRUNC(l.id1(+)/65536) = r.usn AND l.type(+) = 'TX' AND l.lmode(+) = 6 ORDER BY r.name;

--查看用户的回滚段的信息

select s.username, rn.name from v$session s, v$transaction t, v$rollstat r, v$rollname rn

where s.saddr = t.ses_addr and t.xidusn = r.usn and r.usn = rn.usn

--生成执行计划

explain plan set statement_id='a1' for &1;

--查看执行计划

select lpad(' ',2*(level-1))||operation operation,options,OBJECT_NAME,position from plan_table

start with id=0 and statement_id='a1' connect by prior id=parent_id and statement_id='a1'

执行计划
   1）根据SID，从v$sql中找到相应SQL的HASH_VALUE和ADDRESS ；
   SELECT a.sql_text , a.address , a.hash_value
   FROM   v$sql a , v$session b
   where  a.hash_value = b.sql_hash_value
   and    b.sid = &sid ;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:07
 2）根据hash_value和address的值，从v$sql_plan中找到真实的执行计划。
   set line 200;
   col oper format a100;
   select lpad(oper,length(oper)+level*2,' ') oper,cost
   from   (
           select object_name||':'||operation||' '||options as oper,cost,id,parent_id
           from   v$sql_plan
           where  hash_value = &hash_value
           and    address = '&address'
          )
   start with id=0
   connect by prior id = parent_id;
Alan Lee(160921) 22:58:26
这2步，就可以找出实际正在跑的SQL使用的是什么执行计划

set autotrace traceonly statistics
set autotrace traceonly explain
set autotrace traceonly on explain

--查看内存中存的使用

select decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback') "Class",

sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,0,1)) "Not Dirty",sum(decode(bitand(flag,1),1,1,0)) "Dirty",

sum(dirty_queue) "On Dirty",count(*) "Total"

from x$bh group by decode(greatest(class,10),10,decode(class,1,'Data',2,'Sort',4,'Header',to_char(class)),'Rollback');

--查看表空间状态

select tablespace_name,extent_management,segment_space_management from dba_tablespaces;

select table_name,freelists,freelist_groups from user_tables;

--查看系统请求情况

SELECT DECODE (name, 'summed dirty write queue length', value)/

DECODE (name, 'write requests', value) "Write Request Length"

FROM v$sysstat WHERE name IN ( 'summed dirty queue length', 'write requests') and value>0;

--计算data buffer命中率

select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", c.value "phys_reads",

round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"

from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c

where a.statistic# = 40 and b.statistic# = 41 and c.statistic# = 42;

SELECT name, (1-(physical_reads/(db_block_gets+consistent_gets)))*100 H_RATIO FROM v$buffer_pool_statistics;

--查看内存使用情况

select least(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_used,

max(b.value)/(1024*1024) shared_pool_size,greatest(max(b.value)/(1024*1024),sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))-

(sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024)) shared_pool_avail,((sum(a.bytes)/(1024*1024))/(max(b.value)/(1024*1024)))*100 avail_pool_pct

from v$sgastat a, v$parameter b where (a.pool='shared pool' and a.name not in ('free memory')) and b.name='shared_pool_size';

--查看用户使用内存情况

select username, sum(sharable_mem), sum(persistent_mem), sum(runtime_mem)

from sys.v_$sqlarea a, dba_users b

where a.parsing_user_id = b.user_id group by username;

--查看对象的缓存情况

select OWNER,NAMESPACE,TYPE,NAME,SHARABLE_MEM,LOADS,EXECUTIONS,LOCKS,PINS,KEPT

from v$db_object_cache where type not in ('NOT LOADED','NON-EXISTENT','VIEW','TABLE','SEQUENCE')

and executions>0 and loads>1 and kept='NO' order by owner,namespace,type,executions desc;

select type,count(*) from v$db_object_cache group by type;

--查看库缓存命中率

select namespace,gets, gethitratio*100 gethitratio,pins,pinhitratio*100 pinhitratio,RELOADS,INVALIDATIONS from v$librarycache

--查看某些用户的hash

select a.username, count(b.hash_value) total_hash,count(b.hash_value)-count(unique(b.hash_value)) same_hash,

(count(unique(b.hash_value))/count(b.hash_value))*100 u_hash_ratio

from dba_users a, v$sqlarea b where a.user_id=b.parsing_user_id group by a.username;

--查看字典命中率

select (sum(getmisses)/sum(gets)) ratio from v$rowcache;

--查看undo段的使用情况

SELECT d.segment_name,extents,optsize,shrinks,aveshrink,aveactive,d.status

FROM v$rollname n,v$rollstat s,dba_rollback_segs d

WHERE d.segment_id=n.usn(+) and d.segment_id=s.usn(+);

--无效的对象

select owner,object_type,object_name from dba_objects where status='INVALID';

select constraint_name,table_name from dba_constraints where status='INVALID';

--求出某个进程，并对它进行跟踪

select s.sid,s.serial# from v$session s,v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and p.spid=&1;

exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,true);

exec dbms_system.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(&1,&2,false);

--求出锁定的对象

select do.object_name,session_id,process,locked_mode

from v$locked_object lo, dba_objects do where lo.object_id=do.object_id;

--求当前session的跟踪文件

SELECT p1.value || '/' || p2.value || '_ora_' || p.spid || '.ora' filename

FROM v$process p, v$session s, v$parameter p1, v$parameter p2

WHERE p1.name = 'user_dump_dest' AND p2.name = 'instance_name'

AND p.addr = s.paddr AND s.audsid = USERENV('SESSIONID') AND p.background is null AND instr(p.program,'CJQ') = 0;

--求对象所在的文件及块号

select segment_name,header_file,header_block

from dba_segments where segment_name like '&1';

--求对象发生事务时回退段及块号

select a.segment_name,a.header_file,a.header_block

from dba_segments a,dba_rollback_segs b

where a.segment_name=b.segment_name and b.segment_id='&1'

--9i的在线重定义表

/*如果在线重定义的表没有主键需要创建主键*/

exec dbms_redefinition.can_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement');

create table anno2 as select * from announcement

exec dbms_redefinition.start_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

exec dbms_redefinition.sync_interim_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

exec dbms_redefinition.finish_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

drop table anno2

exec dbms_redefinition.abort_redef_table('cybercafe','announcement','anno2');

--常用的logmnr脚本(cybercafe)

exec sys.dbms_logmnr_d.build(dictionary_filename =>'esal',dictionary_location =>'/home/oracle/logmnr');

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_24050.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.new);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22912.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22913.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(logfilename=>'/home/oracle/oradata/esal/archive/1_22914.dbf', ptions=>sys.dbms_logmnr.addfile);

exec sys.dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'/home/oracle/logmnr/esal.ora');

create table logmnr2 as select * from v$logmnr_contents;

死锁问题：1）查找死锁的进程：
sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SELECT s.username,l.OBJECT_ID,l.SESSION_ID,s.SERIAL#,l.ORACLE_USERNAME,
l.OS_USER_NAME,l.PROCESS FROM V$LOCKED_OBJECT l,V$SESSION S WHERE l.SESSION_ID=S.SID;

2）kill掉这个死锁的进程：
alter system kill session 'sid,serial#'; （其中sid=l.session_id）
3）如果还不能解决，
select pro.spid from v$session ses,v$process pro where ses.sid=XX and ses.paddr=pro.addr;
其中sid用死锁的sid替换。
exit

--与权限相关的字典

ALL_COL_PRIVS表示列上的授权，用户和PUBLIC是被授予者

ALL_COL_PRIVS_MADE表示列上的授权，用户是属主和被授予者

ALL_COL_RECD表示列上的授权，用户和PUBLIC是被授予者

ALL_TAB_PRIVS表示对象上的授权，用户是PUBLIC或被授予者或用户是属主

ALL_TAB_PRIVS_MADE表示对象上的权限，用户是属主或授予者

ALL_TAB_PRIVS_RECD表示对象上的权限,用户是PUBLIC或被授予者

DBA_COL_PRIVS数据库列上的所有授权

DBA_ROLE_PRIVS显示已授予用户或其他角色的角色

DBA_SYS_PRIVS已授予用户或角色的系统权限

DBA_TAB_PRIVS数据库对象上的所有权限

ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS显示已授予用户的角色

ROLE_SYS_PRIVS显示通过角色授予用户的系统权限

ROLE_TAB_PRIVS显示通过角色授予用户的对象权限

SESSION_PRIVS显示用户现在可利用的所有系统权限

USER_COL_PRIVS显示列上的权限，用户是属主、授予者或被授予者

USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE显示列上已授予的权限，用户是属主或授予者

USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD显示列上已授予的权限，用户是属主或被授予者

USER_ROLE_PRIVS显示已授予给用户的所有角色

USER_SYS_PRIVS显示已授予给用户的所有系统权限

USER_TAB_PRIVS显示已授予给用户的所有对象权限

USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE显示已授予给其他用户的对象权限，用户是属主

USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD显示已授予给其他用户的对象权限，用户是被授予者

--如何用dbms_stats分析表及模式？

exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname=>'&USER_NAME',estimate_percent=>dbms_stats.auto_sample_size,

method_opt => 'for all columns size auto',degree=> DBMS_STATS.DEFAULT_DEGREE);

exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats(ownname=>'&USER_NAME',estimate_percent=>dbms_stats.auto_sample_size,cascade=>true);

/*

FOR ALL [INDEXED | HIDDEN] COLUMNS [size_clause]

FOR COLUMNS [size clause] column|attribute [size_clause] [,column|attribute [size_clause]...],

where size_clause is defined as size_clause := SIZE {integer | REPEAT | AUTO | SKEWONLY}

integer--Number of histogram buckets. Must be in the range [1,254].

REPEAT--Collects histograms only on the columns that already have histograms.

AUTO--Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on data distribution and the workload of the columns.

SKEWONLY--Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on the data distribution of the columns

*/

 常用系统表,视图和作用
查看有关用户的信息:dba_users
查看有关角色的信息:dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_sys_privs
查看有关系统权限的信息:dba_sys_privs
查看当前数据库表空间状况:dba_tablespaces
查看用户的系统权限:user_sys_privs
查看某个用户对另外一个用户授予的权限:user_tab_privs_made
查看某个用户对另外一个用户授予的列级权限:user_col_privs_made
查看某个用户接受的权限:user_tab_privs_recd
查看某个用户接受的列级权限:user_col_privs_recd
查看有关用户的角色信息:user_role_privs
查看有关授予某个角色的系统权限信息:role_sys_privs
查看有关授予某个角色的对象权限信息:role_tab_privs
查看当前用户所拥有的表信息:user_tables
查看当前用户有权限访问的表信息:all_tables
查看当前用户所拥有的所有表的列信息:user_tab_columns
查看当前用户可以访问的表中的列信息:all_tab_columns
查看当前用户所拥有的所有约束信息:user_constraint
查看当前用户所拥有的所有约束和列的关系:user_cons_constraint
查看表中注释内容:user_tab_comments
查看表中列注释内容：user_col_comments
提供练习的表:dual
查看相关时区的名称和简称:v$timezone_names

V$OPTION:显示已安装的Oracle选项
select * from v$option;
取得Oracle版本的详细信息
select * from v$version;
取得初始化参数的详细信息
select name,value,description from v$parameter;
取得当前例程的详细信息
select * from v$instance;

1、用户

　　查看当前用户的缺省表空间

　　SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;

　　查看当前用户的角色

　　SQL>select * from user_role_privs;

　　查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限

　　SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;或
select  username,  default_tablespace,  temporary_tablespace, priv granted_role,  default_role  from dba_users u,      (select grantee,granted_role priv,default_role           from dba_role_privs          union all         select grantee,privilege  priv,''           from dba_sys_privs c       ) r where u.username = r.grantee order by username ;

　　SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;

　　显示当前会话所具有的权限

　　SQL>select * from session_privs;

　　显示指定用户所具有的系统权限

　　SQL>select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='GAME';

2、表

　　查看用户下所有的表

　　SQL>select * from user_tables;

　　查看名称包含log字符的表

　　SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects

　　where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;

　　查看某表的创建时间

　　SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');

　　查看某表的大小

　　SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments

　　where segment_name=upper('&table_name');

　　查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表

　　SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;

3、索引

　　查看索引个数和类别

　　SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;

　　查看索引被索引的字段

　　SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper('&index_name');

　　查看索引的大小

　　SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments

　　where segment_name=upper('&index_name');

4、序列号

　　查看序列号，last_number是当前值

　　SQL>select * from user_sequences;

5、视图

　　查看视图的名称

　　SQL>select view_name from user_views;

　　查看创建视图的select语句

　　SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;

　　SQL>set long 2000; 说明：可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小

　　SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper('&view_name');

6、同义词

　　查看同义词的名称

　　SQL>select * from user_synonyms;

7、约束条件

　　查看某表的约束条件

　　SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name

　　from user_constraints where table_name = upper('&table_name');

　　SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name

　　from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc

　　where c.owner = upper('&table_owner') and c.table_name = upper('&table_name')

　　and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name

　　order by cc.position;

8、存储函数和过程

　　查看函数和过程的状态

　　SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='FUNCTION';

　　SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type='PROCEDURE';

　　查看函数和过程的源代码

　　SQL>select text from all_source where wner=user and name=upper('&plsql_name');

1. 监控事例的等待
  select   event,
    sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1)) "Prev",
    sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0)) "Curr",
    count(*) "Tot"
       from  v$session_Wait
       group by event
       order by 4;
 
2. 回滚段的争用情况
      select   name, waits, gets, waits/gets "Ratio"
       from  v$rollstat a, v$rollname b
       where  a.usn = b.usn;
 
3. 监控表空间的 I/O 比例
      select   df.tablespace_name name,df.file_name "file",f.phyrds pyr,
        f.phyblkrd pbr,f.phywrts pyw, f.phyblkwrt pbw
       from  v$filestat f, dba_data_files df
       where  f.file# = df.file_id
       order by df.tablespace_name;
 
4. 监控文件系统的 I/O 比例
      select   substr(a.file#,1,2) "#", substr(a.name,1,30) "Name",
        a.status, a.bytes, b.phyrds, b.phywrts
       from  v$datafile a, v$filestat b
       where  a.file# = b.file#;
 
5.在某个用户下找所有的索引
      select   user_indexes.table_name,
        user_indexes.index_name,
        uniqueness,
        column_name
       from  user_ind_columns, user_indexes
       where  user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name and
        user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name
       order by user_indexes.table_type, user_indexes.table_name,
        user_indexes.index_name, column_position;
6. 监控 SGA 的命中率
      select   a.value + b.value "logical_reads",
        c.value "phys_reads",
        round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO"
       from  v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c
       where  a.statistic# = 38 and b.statistic# = 39 and
        c.statistic# = 40;
 
7. 监控 SGA 中字典缓冲区的命中率
      select   parameter, gets,Getmisses ,
        getmisses/(gets+getmisses)*100 "miss ratio",
        (1-(sum(getmisses)/ (sum(gets)+sum(getmisses))))*100 "Hit ratio"
       from  v$rowcache
       where  gets+getmisses <>0
       group by parameter, gets, getmisses;
 
8. 监控 SGA 中共享缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%
      select   sum(pins) "Total Pins", sum(reloads) "Total Reloads",
        sum(reloads)/sum(pins) *100 libcache
       from  v$librarycache;
      select   sum(pinhits-reloads)/sum(pins) "hit radio",
        sum(reloads)/sum(pins) "reload percent"
       from  v$librarycache;
 
9. 显示所有数据库对象的类别和大小
      select   type,
        count(name) num_instances,
        sum(source_size) source_size,
        sum(parsed_size) parsed_size,
        sum(code_size) code_size,
        sum(error_size) error_size,
        sum(source_size) +sum(parsed_size) +sum(code_size) +sum(error_size) size_required
       from  dba_object_size
       group by type
       order by 1;
 
10. 监控 SGA 中重做日志缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%
      SELECT   name, gets, misses, immediate_gets, immediate_misses,
        Decode(gets,0,0,misses/gets*100) ratio1,
        Decode(immediate_gets+immediate_misses,0,0,
         immediate_misses/(immediate_gets+immediate_misses)*100) ratio2
       FROM  v$latch
       WHERE  name IN ('redo allocation', 'redo copy');
 
11.  监控内存和硬盘的排序比率，最好使它小于 .10，增加 sort_area_size
      SELECT   name, value
       FROM  v$sysstat
       WHERE  name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts (disk)');
 
12. 监控当前数据库谁在运行什么SQL语句
      SELECT   osuser, username, sql_text
       from  v$session a, v$sqltext b
       where  a.sql_address =b.address order by address, piece;
 
13. 监控字典缓冲区
      SELECT   (SUM(PINS - RELOADS)) / SUM(PINS) "LIB CACHE"
       FROM  V$LIBRARYCACHE;
      SELECT   (SUM(GETS - GETMISSES - USAGE - FIXED)) / SUM(GETS) "ROW CACHE"
       FROM  V$ROWCACHE;
      SELECT   SUM(PINS) "EXECUTIONS", SUM(RELOADS) "CACHE MISSES WHILE EXECUTING"
       FROM  V$LIBRARYCACHE;
     后者除以前者,此比率小于1%,接近0%为好。
      SELECT   SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARY GETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES"
       FROM  V$ROWCACHE;
 
14. 找ORACLE字符集
      select * from sys.props$ where name='NLS_CHARACTERSET';
 
15. 监控 MTS
  select busy/(busy+idle) "shared servers busy" from v$dispatcher;
  此值大于0.5时，参数需加大
  select sum(wait)/sum(totalq) "dispatcher waits" from v$queue where type='dispatcher';
  select count(*) from v$dispatcher;
  select servers_highwater from v$mts;
  servers_highwater接近mts_max_servers时，参数需加大
 
16. 碎片程度
      select   tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name)
       from  dba_free_space
       group by tablespace_name
       having count(tablespace_name)>10;
  alter tablespace name coalesce;
  alter table name deallocate unused;
      create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
       select   tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,
         segment_name
        from  dba_free_space
       union all
       select   tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,
         segment_name
        from  dba_extents;
      select * from ts_blocks_v;
      select   tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id)
       from  dba_free_space
       group by tablespace_name;
     查看碎片程度高的表
      SELECT   segment_name table_name , COUNT(*) extents
       FROM  dba_segments
       WHERE  owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
       GROUP BY segment_name
       HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*)) FROM dba_segments GROUP BY segment_name);
 
17. 表、索引的存储情况检查
      select   segment_name,sum(bytes),count(*) ext_quan
       from  dba_extents
       where   tablespace_name='&tablespace_name' and
        segment_type='TABLE'
       group by tablespace_name,segment_name;
      select   segment_name,count(*)
       from  dba_extents
       where  segment_type='INDEX' and wner='&owner'
       group by segment_name;
 
18、找使用CPU多的用户session
     12是cpu used by this session
      select   a.sid,spid,status,substr(a.program,1,40) prog,
        a.terminal,osuser,value/60/100 value
       from  v$session a,v$process b,v$sesstat c
       where  c.statistic#=12 and
        c.sid=a.sid and
        a.paddr=b.addr
       order by value desc;
 
19.对可疑/性能不好的Server Process来进行Trace.,可以用tkprof来分析Trace的结果.比较方便.使用Unix的KSH.
   (1) start_trc:
  #!/bin/ksh
  if (( $# != 1 ))
  then
  echo Usuage: start_trc pid
  fi
  sid_serial=$(print "
  connect / as sysdba;
  set heading off;
  set feedback off;
  select a.sid,a.serial# from v\$session a,v\$process b where a.paddr=b.addr and b.spid=$1;
  exit;
  " | sqlplus -s /nolog | grep -v 'Connected' | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\{1,\}\)/\1,/' -e '/^$/d' )
  if [[ -z $sid_serial ]]
  then
  print "Seems that this process $1 is not an Oracle process!"
  exit 1
  fi
  print "
  connect / as sysdba;
  execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session($sid_serial,true);
  exit;
  " | sqlplus -s /nolog
 
  (2) stop_trc:
  #!/bin/ksh
  if (( $# != 1 ))
  then
  echo Usuage: stop_trc pid
  fi
  sid_serial=$(print "
  connect / as sysdba;
  set heading off;
  set feedback off;
  select a.sid,a.serial# from v\$session a,v\$process b where a.paddr=b.addr and b.spid=$1;
  exit;
  " | sqlplus -s /nolog | grep -v 'Connected' | sed -e 's/\([0-9]\{1,\}\)/\1,/' -e '/^$/d' )
  if [[ -z $sid_serial ]]
  then
  print "Seems that this process $1 is not an Oracle process!"
  exit 1
  fi
  print "
  connect / as sysdba;
  execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session($sid_serial,false);
  exit;
  " | sqlplus -s /nolog
 
20.查看Lock
  SELECT   sn.username, m.sid, m.type,
    DECODE(m.lmode, 0, 'None',
     1, 'Null',
     2, 'Row Share',
     3, 'Row Excl.',
     4, 'Share',
     5, 'S/Row Excl.',
     6, 'Exclusive',
     lmode, ltrim(to_char(lmode,'990'))) lmode,
    DECODE(m.request,0, 'None',
     1, 'Null',
     2, 'Row Share',
     3, 'Row Excl.',
     4, 'Share',
     5, 'S/Row Excl.',
     6, 'Exclusive',
     request, ltrim(to_char(m.request,'990'))) request,
    m.id1, m.id2
   FROM  v$session sn, v$lock m
   WHERE  (sn.sid = m.sid AND m.request != 0) OR
    ( sn.sid = m.sid AND
     m.request = 0 AND
     lmode != 4 AND
     (id1, id2) IN (
       SELECT   s.id1, s.id2
        FROM  v$lock s
        WHERE  request != 0 AND
         s.id1 = m.id1 AND
         s.id2 = m.id2
       )
    )
   ORDER BY id1, id2, m.request;
 
   select   l.sid,s.serial#,s.username,s.terminal,
     decode(l.type,'RW','RW - Row Wait Enqueue',
      'TM','TM - DML Enqueue',
      'TX','TX - Trans Enqueue',
      'UL','UL - User',l.type||'System') res,
     substr(t.name,1,10) tab,u.name owner,
     l.id1,l.id2,
     decode(l.lmode,1,'No Lock',
      2,'Row Share',
      3,'Row Exclusive',
      4,'Share',
      5,'Shr Row Excl',
      6,'Exclusive',null) lmode,
     decode(l.request,1,'No Lock',
      2,'Row Share',
      3,'Row Excl',
      4,'Share',
      5,'Shr Row Excl',
      6,'Exclusive',null) request
    from  v$lock l, v$session s,
     sys.user$ u,sys.obj$ t
    where  l.sid = s.sid and
     s.type != 'BACKGROUND' and
     t.obj# = l.id1 and
     u.user# = t.owner#;
監控登入登出的用戶:
創建如下的兩張表:
create table login_log                        --        登入登出信息表
(
    session_id int not null,        --        sessionid
    login_on_time  date,                --        登入時間      
    login_off_time  date,                --        登出時間      
    user_in_db        varchar2(30),        --        登入的db user
    machine    varchar2(20),           --        機器名
    ip_address varchar2(20),        --        ip地址
    run_program varchar2(20)    --        以何程序登入
);

create table allow_user                        --        網域用戶表
(
    ip_address varchar2(20),                --        ip地址
    login_user_name nvarchar2(20)   --        操作者姓名
);

創建如下的兩個觸發器:
create or replace trigger login_on_info                --        紀錄登入信息的觸發器
after logon on database
Begin
    insert into login_log(session_id,login_on_time,login_off_time,user_in_db,machine,ip_address,run_program)
    select AUDSID,sysdate,null,sys.login_user,machine,SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),program
    from v$session where AUDSID = USERENV('SESSIONID');  --當前SESSION
END;

create or replace trigger login_off_info        --        紀錄登出信息的觸發器
before logoff on database
Begin
        update login_log set  login_off_time = sysdate
        where session_id = USERENV('SESSIONID');        --當前SESSION      
exception
    when others then
            null;
END;

方法二:
用如下的方式可以審計執行drop動作的事件:
/**
* drop語句的審計日誌表
*/
create table drop_log
(
    session_id int not null,         --        sessionid
    drop_time  date,                         --        drop的時間
    ip_address varchar2(20),         --        ip地址
    object_owner varchar2(30),         --        對象的擁有者
    object_name varchar2(30),         --        對象名稱
    object_type varchar2(20),         --        對象類型
    drop_by_user        varchar2(30) -- 執行drop語句的用戶
);

create or replace trigger drop_info
after drop on mfg0513user.schema                 --        在mfg0513user用戶上創建審計drop的觸發器
begin
    insert into drop_log
                            (session_id,
                            drop_time,
                            ip_address,
                            object_owner,
                            object_name,
                            object_type,
                            drop_by_user)
            values(USERENV('SESSIONID'),
                            sysdate,
                            SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS'),
                            sys.dictionary_obj_owner,
                            sys.dictionary_obj_name,
                            sys.dictionary_obj_type,
                            sys.login_user);  
end;