What is load testing？- Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users， transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
What is Performance testing？- Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
Did u use LoadRunner？ What version？- Yes. Version 7.2.
Explain the Load testing process？-
Step 1： Planning the test. Here， we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives. Step 2： Creating Vusers. Here， we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser， tasks performed by Vusers as a whole， and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3： Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines， scripts， and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios， we define the number of Vusers， the load generator machines， and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests， we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4： Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing， we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario， Vuser groups， or individual Vusers. Step 5： Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime， transaction， system resource， Web resource， Web server resource， Web application server resource， database server resource， network delay， streaming media resource， firewall server resource， ERP server resource， and Java performance monitors. Step 6： Analyzing test results. During scenario execution， LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.
When do you do load and performance Testing？- We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component， application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example， a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system， does it crash， will it go with different software applications and platforms， can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users， etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What are the components of LoadRunner？- The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator， Controller， and the Agent process， LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring， LoadRunner Books Online.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script？- The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode？- The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
What is a rendezvous point？- You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point， in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example， to emulate peak load on the bank server， you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
What is a scenario？- A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example， a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate， the actions to be performed， and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script？- We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example， in web based applications， VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to， and received from， the database server. We use VuGen to： Monitor the communication between the application and the server； Generate the required function calls； and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters? - Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation? - Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required? Give few examples from your projects? - Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did using scan for correlation.
Where do you set automatic correlation options? - Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script? - Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs? - Once we debug our script and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options.
How do you debug a LoadRunner script? - VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.
How do you write user defined functions in LR? Give me few functions you wrote in your previous project? - Before we create the User Defined functions we need to create the external
library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory. Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec (dllexport) char* (char*, char*)Examples of user defined functions are as follows:GetVersion, GetCurrentTime, GetPltform are some of the user defined functions used in my earlier project.
What are the changes you can make in run-time settings? - The Run Time Settings that we make are: a) Pacing - It has iteration count. b) Log - Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and c) Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time. d) General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction.
Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing？ - We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings， Pacing tab， set number of iterations.
How do you perform functional testing under load？ - Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers， we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
What is Ramp up？ How do you set this？ - This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be
specified. To set Ramp Up， go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread？ - VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process， the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser， thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread， only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of
Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program， thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
If you want to stop the execution of your script on error， how do you do that？ - The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section， execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function， the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect， we have to first uncheck the “Continue on error” option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput？ - The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time， we will notice that as throughput decreased， the response time also decreased. Similarly， the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
Explain the Configuration of your systems？ - The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings， memory， operating system， software applications， development tools， etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure， the web server， the database server， and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
How do you identify the performance bottlenecks？ - Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors， web server monitors， database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time， throughput， hits/sec， network delay graphs， etc.
If web server， database and Network are all fine where could be the problem？ - The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
How did you find web server related issues？ - Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server， number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario， the number of http responses per second， the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues？ - By running “Database” monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
Explain all the web recording options？
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph？ - Overlay Graph： It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph： Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis.
How did you plan the Load？ What are the Criteria？ - Load test is planned to decide the number of users， what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents， Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
需要import的东西有：
from com.android.monkeyrunner import MonkeyRunner，MonkeyDevice
from com.android.monkeyrunner.easy import EasyMonkeyDevice
from com.android.monkeyrunner.easy import By
from com.android.chimpchat.hierarchyviewer import HierarchyViewer
from com.android.hierarchyviewerlib.device import ViewNode
from com.android.monkeyrunner import MonkeyView |
1. MonkeyRunner和MonkeyDevice是最基础的类.
2. EasyMonkeyDevice提供了一些根据ID进行touch，type，locate，getText的方法.具体见源码：
http：//source-android.frandroid.com/sdk/monkeyrunner/src/com/android/monkeyrunner/easy/EasyMonkeyDevice.java
3. By提供了根据ID返回PyObject的方法，使用EasyMonkeyDevice和By的配合可以利用ID做很多事情.
4. HierarchyViewer提供了根据ID找到ViewNode，对viewnode的一些操作等
5. ViewNode类的一个对象就代表了一个控件.控件上的所有属性，包括mID，mText，height，width都可以从这个类得到.从viewnode的java源码中可以得到非常多的信息
MonkeyView这个类我还没有搞清楚，从源码来看，也可以从这个类得到很多信息，包括parent，text等等.但是我对monkeyview对象的操作一直不成功，所有方法的调用都提示 No accessibility event has occured yet.目前还没有查出原因和解决方法.
最基本的操作
device = MonkeyRunner.waitForConnection() #等待设备的连接
easy_device = EasyMonkeyDevice(device) #得到一个EasyMonkeyDevice对象
hierarchy_viewer = device.getHierarchyViewer()#得到一个HierarchyViewer对象 |
基本上所有的程序都会用到这几个对象来对控件进行操作
几种得到控件上的文字的方法
1. 用id通过By来获取：text=easy_device.getText(By.id('id/text'))
2. 先获得ViewNode：viewnode = hierarchy_viewer.findViewById('id/text')
再调用HierarchyViewer的方法：text=hierarchy_viewer.getText(viewnode)
3. 直接从ViewNode的属性表中得到：text=viewnode_text.namedProperties.get("text：mText").value
其实前两种方法本质上都是把第三种方法写成自己的函数而已.
需要声明的是，上面的方法得到的text如果是英文的话，就不会有什么问题.如果是gbk编码的中文则在monkeyrunner中无法正常显示，你将会得到一些乱码.这个问题今天研究了一整天，还没有得到解决，希望能有人提供些帮助啊！
按钮如何点击！！！
monkeyrunner上press一个button有很三种办法
1. 通过MonkeyDevice的touch()方法.这是最直接也是最容易出错的方法，因为button在不同的手机上像素坐标是可能发生变化的.通过查看help文档，可以发现device 提供了非常方便好用的功能：有drag、press、touch、type
drag()模拟在screen上的drag操作，需要解锁或者在屏幕实现上下滑动时可以使用
如：device.drag((50，350)，(50，100)，0.1，10)
Args：前两个表示开始与结束的像素坐标，后两个表示完成的耗时与分步
2. 根据ID进行touch。使用HierarchyViewer的话，你可以很容易得看到各个控件的ID，然后使用下面的语句去按按钮：
easy_device.touch(By.id(id)，MonkeyDevice.DOWN_AND_UP).当然，这个方法会出现一个让人头疼的问题，对于下拉列表和弹出框，这个touch常常会出错。因为下拉列表和弹出框的的坐标系问题，你获取到的button坐标是相对于列表和弹出框的，并不是相对于屏幕。在这种情况下，你只能自己去计算一个坐标变换。把相对坐标变换成屏幕坐标。这个函数附在最后。
3. 直接根据button上的mText去定位butto.这个用法就比较高级了，虽然MonkeyDevice提供了一个方法叫 getViewsByText，这个方法能根据提供的text去找monkeyview，但是我死活没法用它。没办法，只能自己写函数。这个函数也在最后。（因为该死的编码问题，暂时只能找到英文的button）
关于中文编码
monkeyrunner是Jython写的.而Jython是不支持东南亚语言的.如果在程序中获取到的值是gbk编码的，想直接打印出来的话，会提示unknown encoding gbk.
那么如何解决这个问题？
很自然想到可以对这个值做decode么？decode成unicode.很遗憾，不可以.我们只能对这个gbk编码的值再做个utf-8编码来进行显示.而且显示的还是乱码
python中编码的转换实际上是str和unicode的转换.
直接写a='中文'，a的类型是一个str.
如果写a=u'中文'，a的类型是一个unicode.