I come from a MySQL background, and I have been given the challenge
of learning Oracle. I can’t just play around with our customers’
databases, but I remembered that Paul Vallée
said that there is nothing wrong with learning on company time. So I
decided to install my own Oracle database, which I’ll be free to
destroy in every way I can think of… and of course, free to bring it
back to life. Recovering from crashes will probably be the most
difficult part of my adventures in the Oracle world, but let’s take one
step at a time, shall we?
Now, onto Oracle 11g (beta 5) on Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn).
One little issue is that Ubuntu is unsupported by Oracle. So, through
this text, we will trick the Oracle installer into thinking it’s
actually running on a Red Hat box.
Step Zero
This tutorial was based on a document which can be found here. I have adapted it for Oracle 11g.
Get a copy of Ubuntu 7.04 and install on a machine. I’m using the
32-bit version here (as well as for Oracle). Next, make sure your
system is up-to-date. A simple apt-get update followed by a apt-get upgrade
will do the trick, although you may prefer using the GUI Synaptic
Package Manager — it’s entirely up to you what method you choose.
However, I much prefer to use the command line.
As you go through updates, sometimes a reboot will be needed
(usually to boot from a newer, recently-updated kernel). Sometimes
it’ll just ask you to restart your web browser or some other program as
a new version is installed.
It’s important to have a few gigabytes of free disk space and a
total of 1 GB of memory before starting this. This 1 GB of memory can
be RAM alone or the combination of RAM and swap space. Of course, since
everything runs faster when in RAM, the more of it, the better.
Very important: get Java running before trying to move on. My guess
is that almost any JRE (java runtime) or JDK (java development kit)
will work. I’m not sure which is the minimum version required: I used
Sun JDK 1.5.
Step One
Install some system requirements. There are a few packages that I
had to install on this box (it was a recently installed system which
didn’t have all these packages). After several attempts of installing
Oracle, the equivalent command-line for installing all the necessary
packages at once was something like this:
# apt-get install gcc make binutils lesstif2 libc6 libc6-dev rpm libmotif3 libaio libstdc++5 gawk alien libg++2.8.1.3-glibc2.2 ksh gcc-3.3 g++-3.3 libstdc++5
It’s possible that when installing the packages mentioned above, the
installer will install some other prerequisites as well, as these
packages themselves may have prerequisites.
Step Two
Choose where you are going to install your Oracle 11g server and create the ORACLE_BASE directory. This is the place where Oracle will be installed. Make sure there is at least
3 GB on the partition/mount point before moving to the next step. After
installed, my basic installation took about 3.4 GB on disk (without the
starter database!). As your database grows, it will need more space.
Reserve a total of at least 6 GB for the unpacked installer and the
basic installation. You can get rid of the installer files afterwards.
# mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle
Step Three
Add a few users and change groups to make the installer more
comfortable. Remember, we are tricking the installer to think it’s
installing on a Red Hat box.
# addgroup oinstall
# addgroup dba
# addgroup nobody
# useradd -g oinstall -G dba -p password -d /home/oracle -s /bin/bash oracle
# usermod -g nobody nobody
The usermod command is needed since because when running, the installer looks for a user called nobody which is part of a group named nobody (in Ubuntu, the user nobody it’s assigned to nogroup by default).
Step Four
Make some symlinks. Apparently, the installer uses absolute paths, so it must find the binaries in the right places.
# ln -s /usr/bin/awk /bin/awk
# ln -s /usr/bin/rpm /bin/rpm
# ln -s /usr/bin/basename /bin/basename
Step Five
We need to mimic the /etc/rc.d directory structure of a Red Hat box. We do this with more symlinks:
# mkdir /etc/rc.d
# ln -s /etc/rc0.d /etc/rc.d/rc0.d
# ln -s /etc/rc2.d /etc/rc.d/rc2.d
# ln -s /etc/rc3.d /etc/rc.d/rc3.d
# ln -s /etc/rc4.d /etc/rc.d/rc4.d
# ln -s /etc/rc5.d /etc/rc.d/rc5.d
# ln -s /etc/rc6.d /etc/rc.d/rc6.d
# ln -s /etc/init.d /etc/rc.d/init.d
Step Six
I’ve created a file called /etc/redhat-release and put only one line on it. The same can be achieved by issuing the following as root:
echo "Red Hat Linux release 4" > /etc/redhat-release
Step Seven
We tweak the system default limits on a few items. The shared-memory
are specially important, since Oracle relies on shared memory for
process communications. There is a file called /etc/sysctl.conf and it should have these lines on it:
fs.file-max = 65535
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 1048576
net.core.rmem_max = 1048576
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 262144
Now that they are in a config file, these limits will be issued
automatically at the next boot sequence. For now, we need to make the
system re-read the config file:
# sysctl -p
Now, what do those parameters and values actually mean?
fs.file-max sets the maximum number of open files that can be handled by the Linux kernel.kernel.shmall determines the total amount of shared
memory to be allocated in pages. In this example, I’ve set it to 8GB,
which is way above the amount of memory I can handle in my box, even
with swap.kernel.shmmax controls the maximum amount of memory to be allocated for shared memory which in this example is 2GB.kernel.shmmni defines the maximum number of segments system-wide.net.core.rmem_default and net.core.rmem_max define the default and maximum read buffer queue for network operations (1 MB in this example)net.core.wmem_default and net.core.wmem_max define the default and maximum write buffer queue for network operations (256 KB in this example)net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range tells the kernel the port ranges that will be used for outbound connections.kernel.sem has four parameters:
SEMMSL - semaphores per arraySEMMNS - max semaphores system-wide (SEMMNI*SEMMSL)SEMOPM - max operations per semop callSEMMNI - max number of semaphore arrays
To check your current semaphores configuration, you can run cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem or ipcs -ls. On my machine, after the modifications on sysctl.conf, these commands output:
# cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
250 32000 100 128
# ipcs -ls
------ Semaphore Limits --------
max number of arrays = 128
max semaphores per array = 250
max semaphores system wide = 32000
max ops per semop call = 100
semaphore max value = 32767
(I really don’t know if these are enough or too much, but I’ll keep you posted.)
For a better understanding of these kernel-tweaking settings, I’d recommend these resources:
Step Eight
Add these lines to /etc/security/limits.conf, letting the oracle
user use more resources than the defaults allowed. You may notice that
all these values are a power of 2 minus one. When soft limits are
exceeded, you’ll get a warning; the hard limits can’t be exceeded in
any situation: you’ll get an error. I’m not completely sure, but I
think these limits apply to each session/login (and since Oracle
doesn’t exactly log in to the machine, my best guess is these limits
apply per instance running).
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16383
oracle soft nofile 1023
oracle hard nofile 65535
Step Nine
Make sure the limits.conf is being interpreted as the oracle user logs in by adding these lines to /etc/pam.d/login. You will want to make sure that is actually happening, since the defaults are way lower and you may get all sorts of problems.
session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so
session required pam_limits.so
Step Ten
Unpack and prepare the installation.
# cd /path/to/zipfile
# unzip linux_11gR1b5_database.zip
(And wait… wait a bit more… go get a cup of coffee…)
After your second cup of coffee, you should have a multi-gigabyte set of files; this is our installer.
# chown -R oracle:oinstall database
# chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle
Step Eleven
Fire up the installer as the oracle user itself. This is what you will probably see on the output window:
# su - oracle
$ cd /path/to/extracted/zip/file
$ ./runInstaller
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...
Checking Temp space: must be greater than 80 MB. Actual 58633 MB Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 2900 MB Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors. Actual 16777216 Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2007-07-11_04-38-56PM. Please wait ...
Oracle Universal Installer, Version 11.1.0.2.0 Production
Copyright (C) 1999, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ulimit: 1: Illegal option -u
ulimit: 1: Illegal option -u
rpm: To install rpm packages on Debian systems, use alien. See README.Debian.
error: cannot open Packages index using db3 - No such file or directory (2)
error: cannot open Packages database in /var/lib/rpm
rpm: To install rpm packages on Debian systems, use alien. See README.Debian.
error: cannot open Packages index using db3 - No such file or directory (2)
error: cannot open Packages database in /var/lib/rpm
There are a few errors that can be safely ignored: the ulimit
and the RPM-related errors, since the limits don’t restrict the
installer and since we actually don’t have a RPM database on the
machine — we are running on Ubuntu, remember?
After a few moments, you will be prompted to choose where to install
the Oracle server. You’ll notice that I asked the installer to not
create a starter database — I did that later. Choose the Oracle Base
and correct the group if needed. I personally recommend sticking with
the defaults if you are a newbie like me.
As you press the Next button, you will be prompted where to install the Inventory — leave it that way
unless you know what you are doing (if this were the case, you wouldn’t
be reading this text anyways). Also correct the OS group name if needed
and hit Next.
Since I’ve chosen to install the server in the same directory as the oracle user’s HOME directory, the installer will issue a warning. I simply ignored it and continued with the installation.
After that warning, I tried to perform some prerequisite tests, and yes — some will fail. Just mark the failed boxes and hit Next (after trying a few times to fix those issues, I’ve decided to call the installer’s bluff and… it worked!)
After all this warning stuff, it’ll ask you to check the list of
products to be installed. I was amazed when I read that 122 different
products would be installed on my box. Hit Next.
Go get some coffee.
And some more coffee.
And even more coffee.
You may like to go to the washroom after so much time drinking
coffee. Remember: I was installing on a 3 GHz machine with 1 GiB of RAM
with SATA2 disks — this box is supposed be blazing fast.
At some point, it will ask you to run some commands as root. Do that when it asks, since the install depends on a few modifications on the base system (like creating the /etc/oratab file).
$ sudo -s
Password:
# /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
Changing permissions of /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory to 770.
Changing groupname of /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory to oinstall.
The execution of the script is complete
# /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1/root.sh
Running Oracle 11g root.sh script...
The following environment variables are set as:
ORACLE_OWNER= oracle
ORACLE_HOME= /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1
[: 185: ==: unexpected operator
[: 189: ==: unexpected operator
Copying dbhome to /usr/local/bin ...
Copying oraenv to /usr/local/bin ...
Copying coraenv to /usr/local/bin ...
Creating /etc/oratab file...
Entries will be added to the /etc/oratab file as needed by
Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created
Finished running generic part of root.sh script.
Now product-specific root actions will be performed.
Finished product-specific root actions.
After these scripts finish their execution (the errors seem to be
ignorable), hit the OK button and you’ll have a window that (probably)
will look like this one:
Just hit OK to get out the installer. The basic installation is… not over yet.
To allow Oracle start on boot-up, create a file called oracledb (or whatever name you want to call it) and put it in /etc/init.d with the contents below. This script was copied and pasted from a tutorial by Graham Williams. It will read the /etc/oratab and fire up any instances it finds.
#!/bin/bash
#
# /etc/init.d/oracledb
#
# Run-level Startup script for the Oracle Instance, Listener, and Web Interface
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle
export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
ORA_OWNR="oracle"
# if the executables do not exist -- display error
if [ ! -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart -o ! -d $ORACLE_HOME ]
then
echo "Oracle startup: cannot start"
exit 1
fi
# depending on parameter -- startup, shutdown, restart
# of the instance and listener or usage display
case "$1" in
start)
# Oracle listener and instance startup
echo -n "Starting Oracle: "
su $ORA_OWNR -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start"
su $ORA_OWNR -c $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart
touch /var/lock/oracle
su $ORA_OWNR -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/emctl start dbconsole"
echo "OK"
;;
stop)
# Oracle listener and instance shutdown
echo -n "Shutdown Oracle: "
su $ORA_OWNR -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop"
su $ORA_OWNR -c $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut
rm -f /var/lock/oracle
su $ORA_OWNR -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/emctl stop dbconsole"
echo "OK"
;;
reload|restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: `basename $0` start|stop|restart|reload"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
After saving the file, make it executable
# chmod a+x /etc/init.d/oracledb
and if you want, make it run at every boot:
# update-rc.d oracledb defaults 99
Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/oracledb ...
/etc/rc0.d/K99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc1.d/K99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc6.d/K99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc2.d/S99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc3.d/S99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc4.d/S99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
/etc/rc5.d/S99oracledb -> ../init.d/oracledb
Before finishing, add the following lines to your /etc/profile
. Be careful, since these values are valid system-wide. So make sure
the paths are set according to your particular setup (if you have been
doing everything according to this text, you should be fine).
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1
export ORACLE_SID=ORCL
export PATH=$PATH:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1/bin
Last operation: add yourself to the dba group. You can use usermod or just edit the /etc/groups file and add your username at the end of the line that starts with dba (my username is ‘bott’):
dba:x:1002:oracle,bott
If you chose to not create a starter database during your install,
you’ll have to do two extra steps. You should create a listener (with netca) and after that, create the starter database (also with netca).
If you chose to have the installer create a database for you, then you
should be fine, since when doing that, it asks for a password for the
default accounts (SYS, SYSTEM, and DBSNMP, SYSMAN if you choose to install it with the enterprise manager option selected).
If everything has gone well, open a terminal window and, as the oracle user, type:
$ sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.5.0 - Beta on Wed Jul 11 17:11:53 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter user-name:
If you see these messages (and I sincerely hope you do) you’re all
set! That means that you have finished a quite long install of Oracle
11g and you are ready to begin destroying it, just as I plan to as I
take my first steps with Oracle. Some might say that going from Oracle
to MySQL would make for an easier transition — I really don’t know, but
I will post further entries on my experiences as I go.
Anyway, I would greatly appreciate your feedback, especially if we
can improve this tutorial so that more people can benefit from it.
Augusto Bott.
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