HQL是个中立的语言,即它跟任何数据库都没关系,你如果使用HQL的话通过数据库方言都会翻译成相应的数据库的SQL语句,包括[排序,子查询,调用SQL中的函数].
HQL中关键字是不区分大小写的,但是属性和类型是区分大小写的。
1>.简单属性查询
1>).单一属性查询,返回结果集属性列表,元素类型和实体类中相应的属性类型一致。如:
session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
session.beginTransaction();
//返回结果集属性列表,元素类型和实体类中相应的属性类型一致
List students = session.createQuery("select name from Student").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
String name = (String)iter.next();
System.out.println(name);
}
session.getTransaction().commit();
2>).多个属性查询,返回的集合元素是对象数组,数组元素的类型和对
应的属性在实体类中的类型一致,数组的长度取决于select中属性的个数。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select id, name from Student").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
3>).如果认为返回数组不够对象化,可以采用HQL动态实例化Student对象,
但是Strudent类中必须提供相应的构造函数。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select new Student(id, name) from Student").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getId() + "," + student.getName());
}
2>.实体对象查询
1>).返回Student对象的集合,可以忽略select,表可以使用别名,别名可以用as也可以不用。如:
List students = session.createQuery("from Student s").list();
//List students = session.createQuery("from Student as s").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
2>).返回Student对象的集合,使用select查询实体对象,必须采用别名。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s from Student as s").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
3>).不支持select * from .....这样的查询语句。如:下面的语句是错误的
List students = session.createQuery("select * from Student").list();
4>).list和iterator的区别?
我们知道,session.createQuery()得到个Query,而从Hibernate API中我们可
以发现Query有两个方法list()和iterator()用于返回结果集。它们的区别在
于:
*list每次都会发出sql语句,list会向缓存中放入数据,而不利用缓存中的数据
*iterator在默认情况下利用缓存数据,但如果缓存中不存在数据有可能出现N+1问题
5>).N+1问题
在默认情况下,使用query.iterator()查询,有可能出现N+1问题
1: 首先发出一条查询对象id列表的sql语句
N: 根据id列表到缓存中查询,如果缓存中不存在与之匹配的数据,那么会根据
id发出相应的sql语句
如:
Iterator iter = session.createQuery("from Student").iterate();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
3>.条件查询
1>).可以采用拼字符串的方式传递参数。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where s.name like '%1%'").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
2>).可以使用?方式传递参数,参数的索引从0开始;传递的参数值如果是字符型的,不用
单引号引起来;可以使用方法链编程。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where s.name like ?")
.setParameter(0, "%1%")
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
3>).可以使用 :参数名称 的方式传递参数值。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where s.name like :myname")
.setParameter("myname", "%1%")
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
4>).如果传递多个参数,可以使用setParameterList方法。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where s.id in(:myids)")
.setParameterList("myids", new Object[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5})
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
5>).在HQL中可以使用数据库的函数,像mysql中的date_format。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where date_format(s.createTime, '%Y-%m')=?")
.setParameter(0, "2008-02")
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
6>).查询某个日期段的数据。如:
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
//查询2008-01-10到2008-02-15创建的学生
List students = session.createQuery("select s.id, s.name from Student s where s.createTime between ? and ?")
.setParameter(0, sdf.parse("2008-01-10 00:00:00"))
.setParameter(1, sdf.parse("2008-02-15 23:59:59"))
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
4>.Hibernate也支持直接使用sql查询。如:
List students = session.createSQLQuery("select * from t_student").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
5>.外置命名查询,主要完成hql语句和程序的解耦合.
1>).在映射文件中采用<query>标签来定义HQL语句。如:
<query name="searchStudents">
<![CDATA[
SELECT s FROM Student s where s.id<?
]]>
</query>
2>).在程序中采用session.getNamedQuery()方法得到HQL查询串。如:
List students = session.getNamedQuery("searchStudents")
.setParameter(0, 10)
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
6>.查询过滤器
1>).在影射文件中定义过滤器参数。如:
<filter-def name="filtertest">
<filter-param name="myid" type="integer"/>
</filter-def>
2>).在类的影射中使用这些参数。如:
<filter name="filtertest" condition="id < :myid"/><!--<转义字符"<"-->
3>).在程序中启用过滤器。如:
session.enableFilter("filtertest")
.setParameter("myid", 10);
List students = session.createQuery("from Student").list();//会在该session中所有的查询后自动加上过滤器中的条件
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
参见:Student.hbm.xml,FilterQueryTest.java
7>.分页查询
1>).setFirstResult()从0开始
2>).setMaxResults每页显示多少条数据。如:
List students = session.createQuery("from Student")
.setFirstResult(1)
.setMaxResults(2)
.list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Student student = (Student)iter.next();
System.out.println(student.getName());
}
8>.对象导航查询
Hibernate支持对象的,因此可以用对象导航查询。如:
Student类总有Classes类型的属性classes,而Classes类有name属性。我们通过classes的name来查询student:
List students = session.createQuery("select s.name from Student s where s.classes.name like '%1%'").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
String name = (String)iter.next();
System.out.println(name);
}
9>.连接查询
1>).内连接:只是把两边都有的记录查出来,可以省略inner,并且只要影射文件中已经设好了表之间的关系,无须用on表示查询条件。如:
//List students = session.createQuery("select c.name, s.name from Student s join s.classes c").list();
List students = session.createQuery("select c.name, s.name from Student s inner join s.classes c").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
2>).外左连接:把左边表的所有记录都显示出来。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select c.name, s.name from Classes c left join c.students s").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
3>).外右连接:把右边表的所有记录都显示出来。如:
List students = session.createQuery("select c.name, s.name from Classes c right join c.students s").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + "," + obj[1]);
}
10>.统计查询
1>).count。如:
Long count = (Long)session.createQuery("select count(*) from Student").uniqueResult();//返回的是单条记录
System.out.println(count);
2>).group by。如:
List students =session.createQuery("select c.name, count(s) from Student s join s.classes c " +
"group by c.name order by c.name").list();
for (Iterator iter=students.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
Object[] obj = (Object[])iter.next();
System.out.println(obj[0] + ", " + obj[1]);
}
11>.DML风格的操作(尽量少用,因为缓存不同步)
update和delete只会更新数据库中的数据,而缓存中不会改,此时如果取得该数据还是缓存中的,而不会是更新后的,因此缓
存中的数据就成了脏数据了。如果批量更新的话,还会给内存带来很大压力。如:
session.createQuery("update Student s set s.name=? where s.id < ?")
.setParameter(0, "李四")
.setParameter(1, 5)
.executeUpdate();
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