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Implementing a Lucene search engine【转】

摘自:

http://edn.embarcadero.com/article/38723



By: John Kaster

Abstract: A guide to implementing Lucene as a cross-platform, cross-language search engine

    Implementing a Lucene search engine

If you are interested in implementing a search engine based on Lucene, you may be interested in these notes compiled during our research.

    Lucene

The Lucene FAQ is an excellent resource for learning about integration options and determining the best approaches to take. Some of the relevant questions and answers are:

Reading this FAQ before starting on a Lucene implementation is highly recommended.

    Indexing

Lucene requires a unique ID for each content record it indexes. It uses Java's native Unicode string support for parsing text. Analyzers are available for various languages, including support for CJK languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and some Vietnamese).

Lucene can also be used to index source code with a custom Analyzer, but we modified YAPP to provide what we needed. You can also generate an AST that can be consumed by Lucene, similar to what was done with this solution for Java source code.

Here's an example from the Lucene JavaDoc (which, unfortunately does not have convenient direct URLs) showing a complete use case (or Unit test, in this example):

Analyzer analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer();
// Store the index in memory:
Directory directory = new RAMDirectory();
// To store an index on disk, use this instead:
//Directory directory = FSDirectory.getDirectory("/tmp/testindex");
IndexWriter iwriter = new IndexWriter(directory, analyzer, true);
iwriter.setMaxFieldLength(25000);
Document doc = new Document();
String text = "This is the text to be indexed.";
doc.add(new Field("fieldname", text, Field.Store.YES,
Field.Index.TOKENIZED));
iwriter.addDocument(doc);
iwriter.optimize();
iwriter.close();
    
// Now search the index:
IndexSearcher isearcher = new IndexSearcher(directory);
// Parse a simple query that searches for "text":
QueryParser parser = new QueryParser("fieldname", analyzer);
Query query = parser.parse("text");
Hits hits = isearcher.search(query);
assertEquals(1, hits.length());
// Iterate through the results:
for (int i = 0; i < hits.length(); i++) {
Document hitDoc = hits.doc(i);
assertEquals("This is the text to be indexed.", hitDoc.get("fieldname"));
}
isearcher.close();
directory.close();

Some other information I pulled directly from their JavaDoc intro is included here.

The Lucene API is divided into several packages:

To use Lucene, an application should:

  1. Create Documents by adding Fields;
  2. Create an IndexWriter and add documents to it with addDocument();
  3. Call QueryParser.parse() to build a query from a string; and
  4. Create an IndexSearcher and pass the query to its search() method.

Some simple examples of code which does this are:

    Fields to Index

Here is a list of common fields we index with Lucene. Certain applications may have other fields to add to their index, but most should be able to provide a value that represents these fields.

Field

Description

AppID

ID of the application being indexed. This could be "gp" for GetPublished, "cc" for CodeCentral, "qc" for QualityCentral, "blog" for Blogs, etc.

ID

ID of the discrete item being indexed. This would be SNIPPET_ID in CodeCentral, VERSIONID in GetPublished, etc. The unique "LuceneID" will be <AppID>.<ID>.

Author

The full name of the author of the content

Title

Title of the item

Summary

Short description, summary, or abstract of item

Body

Main contents of the item

PubDate

Publication, or modified, timestamp of the item. There are trade-offs for date precision storage.

Language

2 character code for the Human language used for the text of the item

Product

Optional. Product(s) for which the item applies.

Version

Optional. Version(s) of the product for which the item applies.

Tags

Optional. Social bookmarking tags entered for the item.

Category

Optional. Category(ies) for the item.

We also have several custom fields for source code metadata in the index.

The social bookmarking tags field could be interesting to search on, but social bookmarking tags are really supposed to be an alternative to free text search, so this isn't something we've pursued for the current interface.

    Searching

Lucene has very robust searching options. Phrase searching, wildcard searching, fuzzy searching, and very extensive search syntax are supported.

For your own needs, you may also want to evaluate Solr to see if it can be readily adopted as a standard search interface. A good summary presentation on Solr is available in slides.

I find it ironic, however, that the Apache Lucene site uses Google for searching instead of an instance of Solr.

We may also explore Lucene's MoreLikeThis feature.

    Analysis

We want to track user searches to find out what kinds of searches are most popular, and what our most popular keywords are, so we can offer suggestions to search engine users. This requires more research to learn how Lucene supports analysis and reporting of usage patterns, or we may need to just track it ourselves.

A very handy tool to use when working with Lucene indices is Luke, the Lucene Index Toolbox.

    Application and Database Integration

Lucene can directly index database records with any available JDBC connection. Custom SQL statements are required for retrieving the fields and records to be indexed, but that appears to be pretty easy and flexible.

By default, Lucene indexes plain text content. We provide either HTML or plain text values to Lucene, which our Document Adapter already supports.

    Our web service interface

Since Lucene is written in Java, we created a web service to call it from our non-Java applications. The Lucene for .NET project appears to have stagnated, and since JBuilder makes it so easy to create a web service, the web service is the best way to make it available for all of our platforms and languages.

These are some of the relevant functions of our web service:

  • Index the specified content ID and text
  • Index the specified content ID and html
  • Support "extra data" such as QualityCentral workarounds, products, versions, etc.
  • Perform a search from the specified search expression, returning all matching IDs and scoring
  • Refine an existing search result with the specified search expression

We are hoping to make our search web service publicly available in the future, and also provide a browser plug-in and IDE integration to it in the future.

You can download the source code to our web service from CodeCentral.

    Application interaction

There are only three interactions an application needs to have with the search web service: 1) indexing new or updated content, 2) removing an index entry for deleted content, and 3) retrieving and processing search results.

    Indexing content

Whenever content is created or updated on one of our web sites, the new content is submitted to our indexing queue with a call to the web service. If the specified unique ID already exists in the index, the current entry is deleted, then the content is reindexed. Lucene is very fast at indexing search content, and most requests happen in real time. However, if many indexing requests are being made at the same time, they are put into a queue to be processed when less demand is being placed on the indexer.

To ensure content gets indexed, most of our web systems also maintain their own queue of items to be resubmitted later to the Lucene index if the indexing request fails for any reason.

Example: Indexing blogs

Here's a relevant PHP snippet from batch indexing our Wordpress-base blog content:

private function indexPost( $site, $blogID, $blogName, $postID, $authorName,
$body, $title, $modifiedDate )
{
echo( "  Indexing post $postID ($authorName): $title\r\n" );
$contentID = $site . '.' . $blogName . '.' . $postID;
// Convert to standardized date format.
$modifiedDate = str_replace( ' ', '', str_replace( ':', '',
str_replace( '-', '', $modifiedDate ) ) );
// Make sure that everything we're passing is valid UTF-8
$authorName = validateUtf8( $authorName );
$title = validateUtf8( $title );
$body = validateUtf8( $body );
$comments = validateUtf8( $this->getPostComments( $blogID, $postID ) );
$startTime = microtime( true );
$resultObj = $this->sc->indexHTMLContentEx( 'blog', $contentID,
$authorName, $title, $title, $body, $modifiedDate, 'en', $comments,
'', '', '', '', '' );
$endTime = microtime( true );
$result = $resultObj->result;
$message = $resultObj->message;
if( !$result )
throw new Exception( "Indexing failed, error: " . $message );
// Track call time.
if( count( $this->callTimes ) == 1000 )
array_shift( $this->callTimes );
$this->callTimes[] = ( $endTime - $startTime );
++$this->postCount;
}

Example: Indexing CodeCentral

Here is a C# sample that calls our web service, based on CodeCentral's metadata:

private static long indexCC()
{
DbConnection con = DbUtils.CreateConnectionName("CodeCentral");
DateTime started = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine("Indexing CodeCentral at "
+ DateTime.Now.ToShortTimeString());
long recCount = 0;
try
{
using (DbCommand cmd = DbUtils.MakeCommand(con,
"select snippet_id, u.first_name, u.last_name, s.title, s.shortdesc,"
+ "s.description, s.updated, s.comments, p.description, s.low_version,"
+ "s.high_version, c.description "
+ "from snippet s, category c, product p "
+ "inner join users u on s.user_id = u.user_id "
+ "where s.category_id = c.category_id "
+ "and s.product_id = p.product_id"))
{
using (DbDataReader reader = DbUtils.InitReader(cmd))
{
while (reader.Read())
{
try
{
// recCount++;
// indexer.indexHTMLContentEx(
using (StreamWriter sr = new StreamWriter(
string.Format("{0}\\current.txt",
Path.GetDirectoryName(Application.ExecutablePath))))
{
sr.Write(reader[0].ToString());
}
ZipFile file;
try
{
file = CCZipUtils.GetZipFile(con as TAdoDbxConnection,
reader.GetInt32(0),
ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["cacheRootPath"]);
}
catch
{
file = null;
}
List<SearchResult> result = indexHtmlContent(
"cc",  // appid
reader[0].ToString(), // contentid
reader[1].ToString(), //first name 
reader[2].ToString(), //last name
reader[3].ToString(), // title
reader[4].ToString(), // summary
reader[5].ToString(), // body
reader.GetDateTime(6), //pubdate
"en", //language
reader[7].ToString(), // comments
reader[8].ToString(), // product
string.Format("{0} to {1}", reader.GetDouble(9),
reader.GetDouble(10)), // version
"", // tags
reader[11].ToString(), // category
"", // extradata
"", // contenttype
"", // workaround
file,
recCount++
);
foreach (SearchResult item in result)
{
if (!item.Result)
{
badIDs.AppendFormat("cc:{0} - {1}{2}",
item.ContentID, item.Message,
Environment.NewLine);
}
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
badIDs.AppendFormat("cc:{0} - {1}{2}", reader[0],
e.Message, Environment.NewLine);
}
}
}
}
}
finally
{
con.Close();
}
showTiming(started, recCount);
return recCount;
}

Example: Indexing QualityCentral

The QualityCentral web service is built with Delphi native code. Although the automatic indexing has not been deployed for the QualityCentral web service yet, we do have a reindexing application that can be used to index all reports in QualityCentral. Here's the routine that submits the content to the search engine:

procedure TQCIndexDataModule.IndexSince(AFromDate: TDateTime);
var
TickStart,
TickTime : Cardinal;
SearchWS: Search;
FldID,
FldFirstName,
FldLastName,
FldTitle,
FldDescription,
FldSteps,
FldModified,
FldProject,
FldVersion,
FldDataType,
FldWorkaround : TField;
recs: Int64;
Name: UnicodeString;
Result : BooleanResult;
begin
SearchWS := GetSearch;
WriteLn('Started at ' + DateTimeToStr(Now));
Recs := 0;
TickStart := GetTickCount;
try
QCReports.Active := False;
QCReports.ParamByName('FromDate').asDateTime := AFromDate;
QCReports.Active := True;
FldID := QCReports.FieldByName('defect_no');
FldFirstName := QCReports.FieldByName('first_name');
FldLastName := QCReports.FieldByName('last_name');
FldTitle := QCReports.FieldByName('short_description');
FldDescription := QCReports.FieldByName('description');
FldSteps := QCReports.FieldByName('steps');
FldModified := QCReports.FieldByName('modified_date');
FldProject := QCReports.FieldByName('project');
FldVersion := QCReports.FieldByName('version');
FldDataType := QCReports.FieldByName('data_type');
FldWorkaround := QCReports.FieldByName('workaround');
while not QCReports.EOF do
begin
Name := FullName(FldFirstname.AsWideString, FldLastName.AsWideString);
try
Result := SearchWS.indexContentEx('qc', fldID.AsString, Name,
FldTitle.AsWideString, FldDescription.asWideString,
fldSteps.AsWideString, LuceneDateTime(FldModified.AsDateTime),
'en', QCCommentText(FldId.AsInteger), FldProject.AsWideString,
FldVersion.AsWideString, '', FldDataType.AsWideString,
'', '', FldWorkAround.AsWideString );
if Result.result then
begin
Inc(Recs);
if Recs Mod 30 = 0 then
WriteLn(Recs,'#', FldId.AsInteger, ':', Name, ':',
FldTitle.AsWideString);
end
else
WriteLn('#Error on QC#' + fldID.AsString + ':' + Result.message_);
except
on E: Exception do
WriteLn('#Error on QC#' + fldID.AsString + ':' + E.Message);
end;
QCReports.Next;
end;
finally
TickTime := GetTickCount - TickStart;
QCReports.Close;
WriteLn('Stopped at ' + DateTimeToStr(Now));
WriteLn('Records: ', Recs, ' Elapsed time: ' + TicksToTime(TickTime));
end;
end;

The Search type is the Delphi class for calling the web service generated from Delphi's WSDL importer. This is a console application, so once every 30 records the progress is displayed. We also track the amount of time it takes to create the index, and report on any exceptions we encounter.

    Removing an index entry

The same method that deletes an index entry that already exists when a reindex request is submitted can be called directly via the web service. All of our content systems tell Lucene to remove index entries from the index when content is deleted.

Example: Removing QualityCentral reports from the index

Here's Delphi code for removing all QC reports from the search index. All that needs to be specified is the application ID and the unique contentID, which in this case is the report id.

procedure TQCIndexDataModule.ClearIndex;
var
SearchWS: Search;
FldID: TField;
begin
SearchWS := GetSearch;
QCAllReports.Close;
try
QCAllReports.Open;
FldID := QCAllReports.FieldByName('defect_no');
while not QCAllReports.EOF do
begin
SearchWS.deleteContent('qc', FldID.AsString);
QCAllReports.Next;
end;
finally
QCAllReports.Close;
end;
end;

    Retrieving and processing search results

Of course, the purpose of indexing all this content is to be able to find it when you search for it., and Lucene makes that very easy. However, displaying the search result is a bit more complicated than that, due to the complexity of our data models and requirements to conform with visibility rules of the systems using our search engine.

Therefore, application-specific searches are resolved in 2 passes:

Applications submit keyword search expressions to Lucene, which would return the list of IDs whose keywords match the required criteria. The search expression can be customized with additional fields restrictions such as Title, Abstract, Code, Comments, Workarounds, etc.

The returned list of IDs from the search expression is then further filtered based on additional metadata values (some of these could be Lucene fields as well if you want to frequently update your index), such as products, versions, author, site, publish date, popularity, ratings, entitlement, and so on.

    A look back in time

The previous search engine used by CodeCentralQualityCentral, and SiteCentral (our web site presentation engine) is based on a Delphi component I wrote in 1998 for searching CodeCentral. The architecture of this search technology remained basically the same since that time. Keywords are persisted to a database, and searches are performed with nested SQL select statements that combine the keyword filtering results (AND, OR, and NOT) with other criteria for the various databases using this keyword search engine.

Because we know the metadata we're searching, the results were generally good, but the only options is for keywords are the AND, OR, NOT operations, and wildcards.

This search engine had only minor updates to it as we moved from native Delphi code to .NET. The "2.0" version was going to include frequency scoring, proximity searching, and Unicode. I was done with the general-purpose Unicode keyword breaking and persistence engine classes, and was starting to work on the updated query generation code when I decided to revisit Lucene. I'm really glad I did.

posted on 2010-09-25 23:25 fox009 阅读(218) 评论(0)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: 搜索引擎技术


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