哲学家进餐问题是一个多线程运用的经典例子，涉及到线程同步/互斥，临界区访问问题以及一个避免死锁的解决方法。
有五个哲学家绕着圆桌坐，每个哲学家面前有一盘面，两人之间有一支筷子，这样每个哲学家左右各有一支筷子。
哲学家有2个状态，思考或者拿起筷子吃饭。如果哲学家拿到一只筷子，不能吃饭，直到拿到2只才能吃饭，并且一次只能拿起身边的一支筷子。一旦拿起便不会放下筷子直到把饭吃完，此时才把这双筷子放回原处。
如果，很不幸地，每个哲学家拿起他或她左边的筷子，那么就没有人可以吃到饭了。这就会造成死锁了。。这是需要坚决杜绝的，正如操作系统的死锁问题。
代码如下：
import java.util.Random;
public class DiningPhils
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n = 10;
if( n < 1)
{
System.err.println( "DiningPils <# of philosophers>" );
System.exit(-1);
}
DiningPhils self = new DiningPhils();
self.init(n);
}
public int getCount()
{
return n;
}
public void setChopstick( int i, boolean v)
{
chops[ i ] = v;
}
public boolean getChopstick( int i )
{
return chops[i];
}
private void init( final int N)
{
r = new Random();
n = ( N < 0 || N > maxPhils ) ? maxPhils : N;
chops = new boolean[n];
phils = new Philosopher[n];
initPhils();
dumpStatus();
}
private void initPhils()
{
for( int i = 0; i< n; i++ )
{
phils[i] = new Philosopher( this, i );
phils[i].setTimeSlice( generateTimeSlice());
phils[i].setPriority( Thread.NORM_PRIORITY - 1);
/**哲学家进程降低一级，使所有哲学家进程
*全部初始化完毕前不会有哲学家进程抢占主线程*/
}
while( moreToStart() )
{
int i = Math.abs( r.nextInt()) % n;
if( !phils[i].isAlive())
{
System.out.println( " ### Philosopher " +
String.valueOf( i ) + " started.");
phils[i].start();
}
}
System.out.println( "\nPhilosophers Chopsticks"
+ "\n(1 = eating, 0 = thinking) (1 = taken, 0 = free)");
}
public int generateTimeSlice()
{
int ts = Math.abs(r.nextInt()) % (maxEat + 1);
if( ts == 0 )
ts = minEat;
return ts;
}
public void dumpStatus()
{
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
System.out.print(phils[i].getEat() ? 1 : 0);
for( int i = n; i < maxPhils + 4; i++ )
System.out.print(" ");
for( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
System.out.print(chops[i]? 1:0);
System.out.println();
}
private boolean moreToStart()
{
for( int i = 0; i < phils.length; i++ )
{
if( !phils[i].isAlive())
return true;
}
return false;
}
private int n;
private Philosopher[] phils;
private boolean[] chops;
private Random r;
private static final int maxPhils = 24; //最多哲学家数
private static final int maxEat = 4; //最多进餐时间
private static final int minEat = 1; //最少进餐时间
}
class Philosopher extends Thread
{
public Philosopher( DiningPhils HOST , int i )
{
host = HOST;
index = i;
}
public void setTimeSlice( int TS )
{
ts = TS;
}
public void setLeftChopstick( boolean flag )
{
host.setChopstick(index, flag);
}
public void setRightChopstick( boolean flag )
{
host.setChopstick((index + 1)% host.getCount() , flag);
}
private void releaseChopsticks()
{
setLeftChopstick(false);
setRightChopstick(false);
}
public boolean chopsticksFree()
{
return !host.getChopstick(index) &&
!host.getChopstick((index+1)%host.getCount());
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
grabChopsticks();
eat();
think();
}
}
private synchronized void grabChopsticks() /**临界区函数，确保哲学家在没有筷子或筷子不够时思考，满足条件后才就餐*/
{
while( !chopsticksFree())
{
try
{
wait();
}
catch( InterruptedException e){}
}
takeChopsticks();
notifyAll();
}
private void takeChopsticks()
{
setLeftChopstick( true );
setRightChopstick( true );
setEat(true);
host.dumpStatus();
}
private void eat()
{
pause();
setEat( false );
releaseChopsticks();
}
private void think()
{
pause();
}
private void pause()
{
setTimeSlice( host.generateTimeSlice());
try
{
sleep(ts*1000);
}
catch( InterruptedException e){}
}
private void setEat(boolean v)
{
isEating = v;
}
public boolean getEat()
{
return isEating;
}
private DiningPhils host;
private boolean isEating;
private int index;
private int ts;
}