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如果您不瞭解TCP的連線方式,在看 Gof 的書介紹State模式時,大概會看得一頭霧水吧!TCP的連線狀態圖,光是要瞭解就要花點精神了,它的連線狀態很多,用來說明狀態模式確實很適合,但不適合教導初學模式的人。

由簡單的開始會比較好理解狀態模式的作用,先來看一個例子,如果您有一個只能順時針轉動的瓦斯開關,轉動一次的狀態為off、 small fire、medium fire與large fire,您如何在程式中控制狀態的變化與行為呢?一個最簡單的方式就是用if..else或是switch流程來控制,例如:
  • State.java
public class State { 
private int state;

public State() {
state = 0;
}

public void switchFire() {
if (state == 0) {
state = 1;
System.out.println( "small fire" );
} else if (state == 1) {
state = 2;
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
} else if (state == 2) {
state = 3;
System.out.println( "large fire" );
} else {
state = 0;
System.out.println( "turning off" );
}
}
}

  • Main.java
public class Main { 
public static void main(String[] args) {
State state = new State();

state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
}
}

這個方法很簡單,每個人都會,但如果您的狀態變化並不是流水式的變化,而是像TCP連線狀態一樣,會是一個網絡圖的時候,用 if...else或switch來寫的話,您的程式就會亂的不像話了;來考慮如何讓物件控制自己的狀態轉換與所應表現的行為,這個程式可以這樣改寫:
  • IState.java
public interface IState { 
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw);
}

  • OffState
public class OffState implements IState { 
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println( "small fire" );
}
}

  • SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState { 
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
}
}

  • MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState { 
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println( "large fire" );
}
}

  • LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements IState { 
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println( "off fire" );
}
}

  • FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch { 
private State current;

public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}

public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}

public void switchFire() {
current.switchFire(this);
}
}

  • Main.java
public class Main { 
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
}
}

程式執行結果與上一個例子是一樣的,但這次並沒有用流程控制來進行狀態轉換,而由物件自行控制自己的狀態,與必須表現的行為,這個方式就是State 模式,將這個例子的 UML 類別結構畫出就如下所示:
State

再進一步考慮開關可以順時針與逆時針轉動,這時如果您仍以if...else或switch來寫,就會讓流程顯示複雜,來看看如何使用狀態模式來撰寫:
  • IState.java
public interface IState { 
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw);
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw);
}

  • OffState.java
public class OffState implements IState { 
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}

public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}
}

  • SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState { 
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}

public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}
}

  • MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState { 
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}

public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}
}

  • LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements State { 
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}

public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}
}

  • FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch { 
private State current;

public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}

public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}

public void switchClockWise() {
current.switchClockWise(this);
}

public void switchCountClock() {
current.switchCountClock(this);
}
}

  • Main.java
public class Main { 
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();

fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();

System.out.println();

fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
}
}

接下來您可以任意的轉動開關了,無論是順時針轉動或是逆時針轉動,狀態的轉換都由物件自己來表現,這是雙向狀態轉換下的例子,如果一個狀態可能轉換至三個以上的狀態,使用State模式就更可以看出它的好處了,就像Gof的TCP連線例子一樣,如果您瞭解TCP連線,可以看看原書是如何實現TCP連線之間的狀態轉換的。

State模式的UML結構圖如下:
State
posted on 2007-04-17 10:50 张金鹏 阅读(221) 评论(0)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: Behavioral 模式

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