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java - the Java application launcher

• Synopsis
• Description
• Options
• See Also

SYNOPSIS

    java [ options ] class [ argument ... ]

java [ options ] -jar file.jar [ argument ... ]

options

Command-line options.

class

Name of the class to be invoked.

file.jar

Name of the jar file to be invoked. Used only with -jar.

argument

Argument passed to the main function.

DESCRIPTION

The java tool launches a Java application. It does this by starting a Java runtime environment, loading a specified class, and invoking that class's mainmethod. The method declaration must look like the following:

    public static void main(String args[])

The method must be declared public and static, it must not return any value, and it must accept a String array as a parameter. By default, the first non-option argument is the name of the class to be invoked. A fully-qualified class name should be used. If the -jar option is specified, the first non-option argument is the name of a JAR archive containing class and resource files for the application, with the startup class indicated by the Main-Classmanifest header.

The Java runtime searches for the startup class, and other classes used, in three sets of locations: the bootstrap class path, the installed extensions, and the user class path.

Non-option arguments after the class name or JAR file name are passed to the main function.

OPTIONS

The launcher has a set of standard options that are supported on the current runtime environment and will be supported in future releases. In addition, the current implementations of the virtual machines support a set of non-standard options options that are subject to change in future releases.

Standard Options

-client

Select the Java HotSpot Client VM. This is the default.

-server

Select the Java HotSpot Server VM.

-classpath classpath

-cp classpath

Specify a list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to search for class files. Class path entries are separated by colons (:). Specifying -classpath or -cp overrides any setting of the CLASSPATH environment variable.

If -classpath and -cp are not used and CLASSPATH is not set, the user class path consists of the current directory (.).

For more information on class paths, see Setting the Class Path.

-Dproperty=value

Set a system property value.

-jar

Execute a program encapsulated in a JAR file. The first argument is the name of a JAR file instead of a startup class name. In order for this option to work, the manifest of the JAR file must contain a line of the form Main-Class: classname. Here, classname identifies the class having thepublic static void main(String[] args) method that serves as your application's starting point. See the Jar tool reference page and the Jar trail of the Java Tutorial for information about working with Jar files and Jar-file manifests.

When you use this option, the JAR file is the source of all user classes, and other user class path settings are ignored.

On Solaris 8, JAR files that can be run with the "java -jar" option can have their execute permissions set so they can be run without using "java -jar".

-verbose

-verbose:class

Display information about each class loaded.

-verbose:gc

Report on each garbage collection event.

-verbose:jni

Report information about use of native methods and other Java Native Interface activity.

-version

Display version information and exit.

-showversion

Display version information and continue.

-?

-help

Display usage information and exit.

-X

Display information about non-standard options and exit.

Non-Standard Options

-Xint

Operate in interpreted-only mode. Compilation to native code is disabled, and all bytecodes are executed by the interpreter. The performance benefits offered by the Java HotSpot VMs' adaptive compiler will not be present in this mode.

-Xdebug

Start with the debugger enabled. Refer to jdb description for more details and an example.

-Xbootclasspath:bootclasspath

Specify a colon-separated list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to search for boot class files. These are used in place of the boot class files included in the Java 2 SDK. Note: Applications that use this option for the purpose of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be deployed as doing so would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code license.

-Xbootclasspath/a:path

Specify a colon-separated path of directires, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to append to the default bootstrap class path.

-Xbootclasspath/p:path

Specify a colon-separated path of directires, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to prepend in front of the default bootstrap class path. Note: Applications that use this option for the purpose of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be deployed as doing so would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code license.

-Xfuture

Perform strict class-file format checks. For purposes of backwards compatibility, the default format checks performed by the Java 2 SDK's virtual machine are no stricter than the checks performed by 1.1.x versions of the JDK software. The -Xfuture flag turns on stricter class-file format checks that enforce closer conformance to the class-file format specification. Developers are encouraged to use this flag when developing new code because the stricter checks will become the default in future releases of the Java application launcher.

-Xnoclassgc

Disable class garbage collection.

-Xincgc

Enable the incremental garbage collector. The incremental garbage collector, which is off by default, will eliminate occasional garbage-collection pauses during program execution. However, it can lead to a roughly 10% decrease in overall GC performance.

-Xmsn

Specify the initial size, in bytes, of the memory allocation pool. This value must be a multiple of 1024 greater than 1MB. Append the letter k or Kto indicate kilobytes, or m or M to indicate megabytes. The default value is 2MB. Examples:

       -Xms6291456

-Xms6144k

-Xms6m

-Xmxn

Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of the memory allocation pool. This value must a multiple of 1024 greater than 2MB. Append the letter k orK to indicate kilobytes, or m or M to indicate megabytes. The default value is 64MB. The upper limit for this value will be approximately 4000m on Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 SPARC platforms and 2000m on Solaris 2.6 and x86 platforms, minus overhead amounts. Examples:

       -Xmx83886080

-Xmx81920k

-Xmx80m

-Xssn

Set thread stack size. Each Java thread has two stacks: one for Java code and one for C code. This option sets the maximum stack size that can be used by C code in a thread to n. Every thread that is spawned during the execution of the program passed to java has n as its C stack size. The default units for n are bytes and n must be > 1000 bytes. To modify the meaning of n, append either the letter k for kilobytes or the letter mfor megabytes. The default stack size is 512 kilobytes (-Xss512k).

-Xprof

Profiles the running program, and sends profiling data to standard output. This option is provided as a utility that is useful in program development and is not intended to be be used in production systems.

-Xrunhprof[:help][:<suboption>=<value>,...]

Enables cpu, heap, or monitor profiling. This option is typically followed by a list of comma-separated "<suboption>=<value>" pairs. Run the command java -Xrunhprof:help to obtain a list of suboptions and their default values.

-Xrs

Reduces use of operating-system signals by the Java virtual machine (JVM). This option is available beginning with J2SE 1.3.1.

In J2SE 1.3.0, the Shutdown Hooks facility was added to allow orderly shutdown of a Java application. The intent was to allow user cleanup code (such as closing database connections) to run at shutdown, even if the JVM terminates abruptly.

Sun's JVM catches signals to implement shutdown hooks for abnormal JVM termination. The JVM uses SIGHUP, SIGINT, and SIGTERM to initiate the running of shutdown hooks.

The JVM uses a similar mechanism to implement the pre-1.2 feature of dumping thread stacks for debugging purposes. Sun's JVM uses SIGQUIT to perform thread dumps.

Applications embedding the JVM frequently need to trap signals like SIGINT or SIGTERM, which can lead to interference with the JVM's own signal handlers. To address this issue, the -Xrs command-line option has been added beginning in J2SE 1.3.1. When -Xrs is used on Sun's JVM, the signal masks for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGHUP, and SIGQUIT are not changed by the JVM, and signal handlers for these signals are not installed.

There are two consequences of specifying -Xrs:

• SIGQUIT thread dumps are not available.
• User code is responsible for causing shutdown hooks to run, for example by calling System.exit() when the JVM is to be terminated.

WARNING: Flags -Xdebug and -Xint are mutually exclusive. No more than one of those options should be used on a java command line.

             -Xconcurrentio: Which generally helps programs with many threads, particularly on Solaris. The main feature turned on with -Xconcurrentio is to use LWP based synchronization instead of thread based synchronization. We have found certain applications to speed up by over 40%. Since 1.4, LWP based synchronization is the default, but -Xconcurrentio can still help since it turns on some other internal options. Finally, there is an alternate thread library which is the default on Solaris 9 and can also be used on Solaris 8 by changing your LD_LIBRARY_PATH to include /usr/lib/lwp before /usr/lib.