要了解javascript的内存泄漏问题,首先要了解的就是javascript的GC原理。
我记得原来在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive
Guide》中看到过,IE使用的GC算法是计数器,因此只碰到循环 引用就会造成memory
leakage。后来一直觉得和观察到的现象很不一致,直到看到Eric的文章,才明白犀牛书的说法没有说得很明确,估计该书成文后IE升级过算法吧。
在IE 6中,对于javascript object内部,jscript使用的是mark-and-sweep算法,而对于javascript
object与外部object(包括native object和vbscript object等等)的引用时,IE 6使用的才是计数器的算法。
Eric Lippert在http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53038.aspx一文中提到IE 6中JScript的GC算法使用的是nongeneration mark-and-sweep。对于javascript对算法的实现缺陷,文章如是说:
"The benefits of this approach are numerous, but the principle benefit
is that circular references are not leaked unless the circular
reference involves an object not owned by JScript. "
也就是说,IE 6对于纯粹的Script Objects间的Circular
References是可以正确处理的,可惜它处理不了的是JScript与Native Object(例如Dom、ActiveX
Object)之间的Circular References。
所以,当我们出现Native对象(例如Dom、ActiveX Object)与Javascript对象间的循环引用时,内存泄露的问题就出现了。当然,这个bug在IE 7中已经被修复了[http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2006/04/ie_7_and_javasc.html]。
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp
中有个示意图和简单的例子体现了这个问题:
<
html
>
<
head
>
<
script language
=
"
JScript
"
>
var
myGlobalObject;
function
SetupLeak()
//
产生循环引用,因此会造成内存泄露
{
//
First set up the script scope to element reference
myGlobalObject
=
document.getElementById(
"
LeakedDiv
"
);
//
Next set up the element to script scope reference
document.getElementById(
"
LeakedDiv
"
).expandoProperty
=
myGlobalObject;
}
function
BreakLeak()
//
解开循环引用,解决内存泄露问题
{
document.getElementById(
"
LeakedDiv
"
).expandoProperty
=
null
;
}
</
script
>
</
head
>
<
body onload
=
"
SetupLeak()
"
onunload
=
"
BreakLeak()
"
>
<
div id
=
"
LeakedDiv
"
></
div
>
</
body
>
</
html
>
上面这个例子,看似很简单就能够解决内存泄露的问题。可惜的是,当我们的代码中的结构复杂了以后,造成循环引用的原因开始变得多样,我们就没法那么容易观察到了,这时候,我们必须对代码进行仔细的检查。
尤其是当碰到Closure,当我们往Native对象(例如Dom对象、ActiveX
Object)上绑定事件响应代码时,一个不小心,我们就会制造出Closure Memory
Leak。其关键原因,其实和前者是一样的,也是一个跨javascript object和native
object的循环引用。只是代码更为隐蔽,这个隐蔽性,是由于javascript的语言特性造成的。但在使用类似内嵌函数的时候,内嵌的函数有拥有一
个reference指向外部函数的scope,包括外部函数的参数,因此也就很容易造成一个很隐蔽的循环引用,例如:
DOM_Node.onevent ->function_object.[ [ scope ] ] ->scope_chain ->Activation_object.nodeRef ->DOM_Node。
[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp]有个例子极深刻地显示了该隐蔽性:
<
html
>
<
head
>
<
script language
=
"
JScript
"
>
function
AttachEvents(element)
{
//
This structure causes element to ref ClickEventHandler //element有个引用指向函数ClickEventHandler()
element.attachEvent(
"
onclick
"
, ClickEventHandler);
function
ClickEventHandler()
{
//
This closure refs element //该函数有个引用指向AttachEvents(element)调用Scope,也就是执行了参数element。
}
}
function
SetupLeak()
{
//
The leak happens all at once
AttachEvents(document.getElementById(
"
LeakedDiv
"
));
}
</
script
>
</
head
>
<
body onload
=
"
SetupLeak()
"
onunload
=
"
BreakLeak()
"
>
<
div id
=
"
LeakedDiv
"
></
div
>
</
body
>
</
html
>
还有这个例子在IE 6中同样原因会引起泄露
function
leakmaybe() {
var
elm
=
document.createElement(
"
DIV
"
);
elm.onclick
=
function
() {
return
2
+
2
;
}
}
for
(
var
i
=
0
; i
10000
; i
++
) {
leakmaybe();
}
btw:
关于Closure的知识,大家可以看看http://jibbering.com/faq/faq_notes/closures.html这篇文章,习惯中文也可以看看zkjbeyond的blog,他对Closure这篇文章进行了简要的翻译:http://www.blogjava.net/zkjbeyond/archive/2006/05/19/47025.html。
之所以会有这一系列的问题,关键就在于javascript是种函数式脚本解析语言,因此javascript中“函数中的变量的作用域是定义作用域,而
不是动态作用域”,这点在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》中的“Funtion”一章中有所讨论。
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;830555中也对这个问题举了很详细的例子。
目前大多数ajax前端的javascript framework都利用对事件的管理,解决了该问题。
如果你需要自己解决这个问题,可以参考以下的一些方法:
-
而http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache一文中则通过增加EventCache,从而给出一个相对结构化的解决方案
/*
EventCache Version 1.0
Copyright 2005 Mark Wubben
Provides a way for automagically removing events from nodes and thus preventing memory leakage.
See <http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache> for more information.
This software is licensed under the CC-GNU LGPL <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/LGPL/2.1/>
*/
/*
Implement array.push for browsers which don't support it natively.
Please remove this if it's already in other code
*/
if
(Array.prototype.push
==
null
){
Array.prototype.push
=
function
(){
for
(
var
i
=
0
; i
<
arguments.length; i
++
){
this
[
this
.length]
=
arguments[i];
};
return
this
.length;
};
};
/*
Event Cache uses an anonymous function to create a hidden scope chain.
This is to prevent scoping issues.
*/
var
EventCache
=
function
(){
var
listEvents
=
[];
return
{
listEvents : listEvents,
add :
function
(node, sEventName, fHandler, bCapture){
listEvents.push(arguments);
},
flush :
function
(){
var
i, item;
for
(i
=
listEvents.length
-
1
; i
>=
0
; i
=
i
-
1
){
item
=
listEvents[i];
if
(item[
0
].removeEventListener){
item[
0
].removeEventListener(item[
1
], item[
2
], item[
3
]);
};
/*
From this point on we need the event names to be prefixed with 'on"
*/
if
(item[
1
].substring(
0
,
2
)
!=
"
on
"
){
item[
1
]
=
"
on
"
+
item[
1
];
};
if
(item[
0
].detachEvent){
item[
0
].detachEvent(item[
1
], item[
2
]);
};
item[
0
][item[
1
]]
=
null
;
};
}
};
}();
-
使用方法也很简单:
<script type=
"text/javascript">
function addEvent(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest){
if(oEventTarget.attachEvent){
oEventTarget.attachEvent("on" + sEventType, fDest);
} elseif(oEventTarget.addEventListener){
oEventTarget.addEventListener(sEventType, fDest, true);
} elseif(typeof oEventTarget[sEventType] == "function"){
var fOld = oEventTarget[sEventType];
oEventTarget[sEventType] = function(e){ fOld(e); fDest(e); };
} else {
oEventTarget[sEventType] = fDest;
};
/* Implementing EventCache for all event systems */
EventCache.add(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest, true);
};
function createLeak(){
var body = document.body;
function someHandler(){
return body;
};
addEvent(body, "click", someHandler);
};
window.onload = function(){
var i = 500;
while(i > 0){
createLeak();
i = i - 1;
}
};
window.onunload = EventCache.flush;
</script>
-
http://talideon.com/weblog/2005/03/js-memory-leaks.cfm
一文中的方法类似:
/*
* EventManager.js
* by Keith Gaughan
*
* This allows event handlers to be registered unobtrusively, and cleans
* them up on unload to prevent memory leaks.
*
* Copyright (c) Keith Gaughan, 2005.
*
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
* are made available under the terms of the Common Public License v1.0
* (CPL) which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl.php
*
* This software is covered by a modified version of the Common Public License
* (CPL), where Keith Gaughan is the Agreement Steward, and the licensing
* agreement is covered by the laws of the Republic of Ireland.
*/
//
For implementations that don't include the push() methods for arrays.
if
(
!
Array.prototype.push) {
Array.prototype.push
=
function
(elem) {
this
[
this
.length]
=
elem;
}
}
var
EventManager
=
{
_registry:
null
,
Initialise:
function
() {
if
(
this
._registry
==
null
) {
this
._registry
=
[];
//
Register the cleanup handler on page unload.
EventManager.Add(window,
"
unload
"
,
this
.CleanUp);
}
},
/*
*
* Registers an event and handler with the manager.
*
* @param obj Object handler will be attached to.
* @param type Name of event handler responds to.
* @param fn Handler function.
* @param useCapture Use event capture. False by default.
* If you don't understand this, ignore it.
*
* @return True if handler registered, else false.
*/
Add:
function
(obj, type, fn, useCapture) {
this
.Initialise();
//
If a string was passed in, it's an id.
if
(
typeof
obj
==
"
string
"
) {
obj
=
document.getElementById(obj);
}
if
(obj
==
null
||
fn
==
null
) {
return
false
;
}
//
Mozilla/W3C listeners?
if
(obj.addEventListener) {
obj.addEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);
this
._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture: useCapture});
return
true
;
}
//
IE-style listeners?
if
(obj.attachEvent
&&
obj.attachEvent(
"
on
"
+
type, fn)) {
this
._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture:
false
});
return
true
;
}
return
false
;
},
/*
*
* Cleans up all the registered event handlers.
*/
CleanUp:
function
() {
for
(
var
i
=
0
; i
<
EventManager._registry.length; i
++
) {
with
(EventManager._registry[i]) {
//
Mozilla/W3C listeners?
if
(obj.removeEventListener) {
obj.removeEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);
}
//
IE-style listeners?
else
if
(obj.detachEvent) {
obj.detachEvent(
"
on
"
+
type, fn);
}
}
}
//
Kill off the registry itself to get rid of the last remaining
//
references.
EventManager._registry
=
null
;
}
};
使用起来也很简单
<html>
<head>
<script type=text/javascript src=EventManager.js></script>
<script type=text/javascript>
function onLoad() {
EventManager.Add(document.getElementById(testCase),click,hit );
returntrue;
}
function hit(evt) {
alert(click);
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload='javascript: onLoad();'>
<div id='testCase' style='width:100%; height: 100%; background-color: yellow;'>
<h1>Click me!</h1>
</div>
</body>
</html>
-
google map api同样提供了一个类似的函数用在页面的unload事件中,解决Closure带来的内存泄露问题。
Cross-Page Leaks和下一节提到的Pseudo-Leaks在我看来,就是IE的bug, 虽然MS死皮赖脸不承认:)
大家可以看看这段例子代码:
<
html
>
<
head
>
<
script language
=
"
JScript
"
>
function
LeakMemory()
//
这个函数会引发Cross-Page Leaks
{
var
hostElement
=
document.getElementById(
"
hostElement
"
);
//
Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for
(i
=
0
; i
<
5000
; i
++
)
{
var
parentDiv
=
document.createElement(
"
<div onClick='foo()'>
"
);
var
childDiv
=
document.createElement(
"
<div onClick='foo()'>
"
);
//
This will leak a temporary object
parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);
hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);
hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);
parentDiv
=
null
;
childDiv
=
null
;
}
hostElement
=
null
;
}
function
CleanMemory()
//
而这个函数不会引发Cross-Page Leaks
{
var
hostElement
=
document.getElementById(
"
hostElement
"
);
//
Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for
(i
=
0
; i
<
5000
; i
++
)
{
var
parentDiv
=
document.createElement(
"
<div onClick='foo()'>
"
);
var
childDiv
=
document.createElement(
"
<div onClick='foo()'>
"
);
//
Changing the order is important, this won't leak
hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);
hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);
parentDiv
=
null
;
childDiv
=
null
;
}
hostElement
=
null
;
}
</
script
>
</
head
>
<
body
>
<
button onclick
=
"
LeakMemory()
"
>
Memory Leaking Insert
</
button
>
<
button onclick
=
"
CleanMemory()
"
>
Clean Insert
</
button
>
<
div id
=
"
hostElement
"
></
div
>
</
body
>
</
html
>
LeakMemory和CleanMemory这两段函数的唯一区别就在于他们的代码的循序,从代码上看,两段代码的逻辑都没有错。
但LeakMemory却会造成泄露。原因是LeakMemory()会先建立起parentDiv和childDiv之间的连接,这时候,为了让
childDiv能够获知parentDiv的信息,因此IE需要先建立一个临时的scope对象。而后parentDiv建立了和
hostElement对象的联系,parentDiv和childDiv直接使用页面document的scope。可惜的是,IE不会释放刚才那个临
时的scope对象的内存空间,直到我们跳转页面,这块空间才能被释放。而CleanMemory函数不同,他先把parentDiv和
hostElement建立联系,而后再把childDiv和parentDiv建立联系,这个过程不需要单独建立临时的scope,只要直接使用页面
document的scope就可以了, 所以也就不会造成内存泄露了
详细原因,大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。
btw:
IE 6中垃圾回收算法,就是从那些直接"in scope"的对象开始进行mark清除的:
Every variable which is "in scope" is called a "scavenger". A scavenger
may refer to a number, an object, a string, whatever. We maintain a
list of scavengers – variables are moved on to the scav list when they
come into scope and off the scav list when they go out of scope.
这个被称为“秀逗泄露”真是恰当啊:)
看看这个例子:
<
html
>
<
head
>
<
script language
=
"
JScript
"
>
function
LeakMemory()
{
//
Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for
(i
=
0
; i
<
5000
; i
++
)
{
hostElement.text
=
"
function foo() { }
"
;//看内存会不断增加
}
}
</
script
>
</
head
>
<
body
>
<
button onclick
=
"
LeakMemory()
"
>
Memory Leaking Insert
</
button
>
<
script id
=
"
hostElement
"
>
function
foo() { }
</
script
>
</
body
>
</
html
>
MS是这么解释的,这不是内存泄漏。如果您创建了许多无法获得也无法释放的对象,那才是内存泄漏。在这里,您将创建许多元素,Internet
Explorer 需要保存它们以正确呈现页面。Internet Explorer
并不知道您以后不会运行操纵您刚刚创建的所有这些对象的脚本。当页面消失时(当您浏览完,离开浏览器时)会释放内存。它不会泄漏。当销毁页面时,会中断循
环引用。
唉~~~
详细原因,大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。
变量定义一定要用var,否则隐式声明出来的变量都是全局变量,不是局部变量;
全局变量没用时记得要置null;
注意正确使用delete,删除没用的一些函数属性;
注意正确使用try...cache,确保去处无效引用的代码能被正确执行;
open出来的窗口即使close了,它的window对象还是存在的,要记得删除引用;
frame和iframe的情况和窗口的情况类似。
http://jibbering.com/faq/faq_notes/closures.html
http://javascript.weblogsinc.com/2005/03/07/javascript-memory-leaks/
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:V9Bt4_HBzQ8J:jgwebber.blogspot.com/2005/01/dhtml-leaks-like-sieve.html+DHTML+Leaks+Like+a+Sieve+&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=9
(这是DHTML Leaks Like a Sieve)一文在google上的cache,原文已经连不上了)
http://spaces.msn.com/siteexperts/Blog/cns!1pNcL8JwTfkkjv4gg6LkVCpw!338.entry
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;830555
http://www.ajaxtopics.com/leakpatterns.html
http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53028.aspx
http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2005/02/javascript_memo.html
http://youngpup.net/2005/0221010713
http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53038.aspx =
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/266071/EN-US ==>IE 5.0至5.5一些版本中的GC bug
http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2006/04/ie_7_and_javasc.html ==>ie 7的改进
http://erik.eae.net/archives/2006/04/26/23.23.02/ ==>ie 7的改进
http://www.feedbackarchive.com/spamvampire/today.html ==> Try this script for memory leaks - it leaked 50 megabytes in 15 minutes with firefox on linux:
http://birdshome.cnblogs.com/archive/2005/02/15/104599.html
http://www.quirksmode.org/dom/innerhtml.html
http://www.crockford.com/javascript/memory/leak.html
《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》4th Edition
http://outofhanwell.com/ieleak/index.php?title=Main_Page