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Bash Shell结构

KornBash shells非常相似,但是还是有一些不同之处。Bash的结构如下所示。

Bash Shell语法结构

Shbang

"shbang" 是脚本起始行,告诉kernel那个shell解析. #!位于行头。例如#!/bin/bash

注释

行注释用#符号.例如:# This is a comment

通配符

例如*, ?, [ ] 用于文件名扩展。<, >, 2>, >>, | 符号用于IO和重定向和管道。为了保证这些符号不被解析,这个字符要被引起来。 例如:

rm *; ls ??;  cat file[1-3];

echo "How are you?"

输出显示

使用echo命令。使用`或者一对“”通配符。例如:

echo "How are you?"

局部变量

局部变量作用于当前shellshell结束时局部变量失效.例如

variable_name=value

declare variable_name=value

name="John Doe"

x=5

全局变量

全局变量也称为环境变量. 例如:内建的带-x选项的声明函数也可以设置为环境变量。可以用export使用。例如:

export VARIABLE_NAME=value

declare -x VARIABLE_NAME=value

export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:.

从变量中提取值

使用$.例如:

echo $variable_name

echo $name

echo $PATH

读取用户输入

使用read读入一行。例如:

EXAMPLE

echo "What is your name?"

read name

read name1 name2 ...

参数

可以从命令行传入参数。位置参数用于从脚本中接收值。例如:

At the command line:

$ scriptname arg1 arg2 arg3 ...

在脚本中:

echo $1 $2 $3

位置参数

echo $*

所有位置参数

echo $#

位置参数号

数组

Bourne shell使用位置参数创建单词列表。除了位置参数外, Bash shell支持数组语法,起始索引是0 Bash shell数组使用declare -a 命令创建。例如:

set apples pears peaches  (positional parameters)

echo $1 $2 $3

 

declare -a array_name=(word1 word2 word3 ...)

declare -a fruit=( apples pears plums )

echo ${fruit[0]}

算术

C/TC shellsBourne shell, UNIX/Linux 命令的输出可以指定到一个变量。Bash shell提供新的语法. 使用前端加$,例如:

variable_name=`command`

variable_name=$( command )

echo $variable_name

 

echo "Today is `date`"

echo "Today is $(date)"

算术

Bash shells支持整数算术。declare -i 命名用于声明一个整型变量。Korn shelltypeset命令也可以用于向后兼容。

例如

declare -i variable_name

used for bash

typeset -i variable_name

can be used to be compatible with ksh

 

(( n=5 + 5 ))

 

echo $n

 

 

操作符

Bash shell 使用内建命令,类似于C语言。

例如

相等性:

逻辑性:

==

equal to

&&

and

!=

not equal to

||

or

 

 

!

not

关系型:

> 

greater than

>=

greater than, equal to

< 

less than

<=

less than, equal to

条件语句

If类似于C语言。if endif结束。 [[ ]] 用于模式匹配条件表达式。 [ ] 用于向后兼容Bourne shell例如:

The if construct is:

if  command

then

   block of statements

fi

 

if  [[ expression  ]]

then

   block of statements

fi

 

if  (( numeric expression  ))

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

 fi

 

 

The if/else construct is:

if  command

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

 

if  [[ expression ]]

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

 

if  ((  numeric expression ))

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

 

The case construct is:

case variable_name in

   pattern1)

      statements

         ;;

   pattern2)

      statements

         ;;

   pattern3)

         ;;

esac

case "$color" in

   blue)

      echo $color is blue

         ;;

   green)

      echo $color is green

         ;;

   red|orange)

      echo $color is red or orange

         ;;

   *) echo "Not a matach"

         ;;

esac

The if/else/else if construct is:

if  command

then

   block of statements

elif  command

then

   block of statements

else if  command

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

-------------------------

 

if  [[ expression ]]

then

   block of statements

elif  [[  expression ]]

then

   block of statements

else if  [[  expression ]]

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

 

--------------------------

 

if  ((  numeric expression ))

then

   block of statements

elif  ((  numeric expression ))

then

   block of statements

else if  ((numeric expression))

then

   block of statements

else

   block of statements

fi

循环

四种循环while, until, for, select.

while循环后跟随[],do关键字,代码段,结束于done关键字。[[ ]]是新的测试操作符,老的[ ]仍旧向后兼容Bourne shell.

until循环类似于while循环。

for循环用于遍历一个字列表。For循环后跟随变量名,in关键字,字列表,代码块,结束于done关键字。

select循环用于提示菜单选择。

循环控制命令是breakcontinue

例如

while command                                until

 command

do                                           do

   block of statements                     

 block of statements

done                                         done

-------------------------                  

 ---------------------------

while [[ string expression ]]                until

 [[ string expression ]]

do                                           do

   block of statements                       block

 of statements

done                                         done

-------------------------                ----------------------------

while (( numeric expression ))               until

 (( numeric expression ))

do                                           do

   block of statements                        

 block of statements

done                                         done

 

for variable in word_list                  

 select variable in word_list

do                                           do

   block of statements                       block

 of statements

done                                         done

--------------------------                 

 ----------------------------

for color in red green b                   

 PS3="Select an item from the menu"

do                                           do

 item in blue red green

   echo $color                               echo

 $item

done                                         done

 

Shows menu:

  1. blue
  2. red
  3. green

函数

函数有两种格式.一种格式来自于Bourne shell, Bash版本使用function关键字:例如

function_name() {

   block of code

}

function  function_name {

   block of code

}

------------------------

function  lister {

   echo Your present working directory is `pwd`

   echo Your files are:

   ls

}

 

Bash Shell脚本例子:

1   #!/bin/bash

    # GNU bash versions 2.x

2   # The Party Program––Invitations to friends from the "guest" file

3   guestfile=~/shell/guests

4   if [[ ! –e "$guestfile" ]]

    then

5       printf "${guestfile##*/} non–existent"

        exit 1

    fi

6   export PLACE="Sarotini's"

7   (( Time=$(date +%H) + 1 ))

8   declare -a foods=(cheese crackers shrimp drinks `"hot dogs"` sandwiches)

9   declare -i  n=0

10  for person in $(cat $guestfile)

    do

11      if  [[ $person == root ]]

        then

              continue

        else

              # Start of here document

12            mail –v –s "Party" $person <<- FINIS

              Hi $person! Please join me at $PLACE for a party!

              Meet me at $Time o'clock.

              I'll bring the ice cream. Would you please bring

              ${foods[$n] and anything else you would like to eat?

              Let me know if you can make it.

                     Hope to see you soon.

                          Your pal,

                          ellie@$(hostname)

              FINIS

13            n=n+1

14            if (( ${#foods[*]} ==  $n ))

              then

15               declare -a foods=(cheese crackers shrimp drinks `"hot dogs"`

                                   sandwiches)

16            n=0

              fi

        fi

17  done

    printf "Bye..."

解释

  1. kernel知道在运行Bash shell脚本.
  2. 注释行
  3. 变量guestfile被设置为文件的全路径名,叫做guests.
  4. 行读入
  5. 内建函数printf显示文件名
  6. 全局环境变量
  7. 数字表达式
  8. Bash数组foods定义
  9. 整数n定于初始值为0
  10. For循环
  11. If语句
  12. 发送mail消息
  13. 整数n1
  14. If语句
  15. 数组foods重新分配值
  16. 变量n重新设置回0
  17. 循环结束
posted on 2008-07-08 09:38 一叶笑天 阅读(345) 评论(0)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: Shell技术

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